2012;33:126878. 2012;32:138198. 2011;13:28. Technical review papers for these methods can be found in the following literature [167, 170,171,172]. MRI (a) axial FLAIR at the level of the lateral ventricle showing hydrocephalus (Evan index = 0.33). Similar to the LV, Maceira et al. Pooled weighted mean values for RA volumes and function are provided in Table 17 using the biplane area-length method (RA appendage excluded) or Simpsons method (either RA appendage included or excluded) for men and women. 2006;47:56572. (Table 22) [50]. 2. Cardiovascular function in multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: normal values by age, sex, and ethnicity. In contrast to other CMR parameters, the SCMR has indicated that literature normal values of T1 relaxation times should not serve as absolute reference values, but rather than site-specific reference ranges should be established [102]. Quantitative assessment showed: The MR CSF flowmetry results are in keeping with normal CSF flow dynamics with normal CSF quantitative assessment and morphological features showing no evidence of obstruction. The study by Prakken et al. Aorta measurements should also be made in a consistent manner with respect to the wall of the aortaouter wall to outer wall, leading edge to leading edge, or luminal diameter. By creating images corresponding to each echo time in the train, T2 maps can be produced by fitting the T2-signal decay equation. J Magn Reson Imaging. We refer below to this parameter as the up-slope perfusion reserve. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. For flow volume, maximum flow (cm3/sec) is calculated by multiplying ROI area (cm2) with maximum velocity (Vmax) (cm/sec). There is substantial difference between the studies with respect to CMR sequences (cine bSSFP, PC CMRA and 3D-T1-black blood volume isotropic turbo spin echo acquisition), acquisition/ measurement plane (cross sectional versus LV outflow tract view), measurement technique (luminal versus total diameter and area, respectively) and measurement sites of the aorta. Z-scores are given as. Measurement of right atrial(RA) parameters according to [37]. Wang L, Jerosch-Herold M, Jacobs DR Jr, Shahar E, Folsom AR. Reference right ventricular systolic and diastolic function normalized to age, gender and body surface area from steady-state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Objectives Sievers B, Kirchberg S, Franken U, Bakan A, Addo M, John-Puthenveettil B, Trappe HJ. PubMedGoogle Scholar. MRI findings in CSF flow disorders General considerations One of the ongoing challenges in neuroradiology is to differentiate hydrocephalus from ventricular enlarge-ment associated with brain atrophy (ventriculomegaly adenosine). 2018;103:138. However, sample size per decile was small (between 21 and 28 subjects) and standard deviations are relatively large (Tables 49, 50). Comparison of native myocardial T1 and T2 mapping at 1.5T and 3T in healthy volunteers: Reference values and clinical implications. Retrospectively gated techniques are mainly performed during free-breathing, often with higher spatial and temporal resolution compared to the breath hold techniques [67]. Tahir E, Starekova J, Muellerleile K, von Stritzky A, Munch J, Avanesov M, Weinrich JM, Stehning C, Bohnen S, Radunski UK, et al. Native T1 and T2 mapping by CMR in lupus myocarditis: Disease recognition and response to treatment. 2011;13:54. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. Female subjects<45years of age had a consistently higher native T1 then males, but after this age there was no difference in native T1 by gender [116]. There are two publications reporting reference values of absolute MBF at rest and under pharmacological stress with a sufficient sample size (>40 healthy subjects) (Table 68). Cardiac strain is a dimensionless measurement of the deformation that occurs in the myocardium. Dewey FE, Rosenthal D, Murphy DJ Jr, Froelicher VF, Ashley EA. Cardiac iron concentration can be calculated from T2* values by the following equation: [Fe]=45 / (T2*)1.22, where [Fe] is the cardiac iron concentration in milligrams per gram dry weight and T2* in milliseconds [160]. The choice of pharmacologic stress agent is mostly determined by considerations of patient comfort, safety and cost. TSE sequences consist of a 90 excitation followed by a train of 180 refocusing pulses, with each focusing pulse producing a spin-echo with a different echo time (TE). PubMed RV papillary muscles and trabeculations were included in the RV volume. Maceira AM, Prasad SK, Khan M, Pennell DJ. Diagnosis is hyperdynamic CSF circulation consistent with IIH, Female patient presented with gait disturbance and difficult urinary control. 2D PC derived trans-mitral flow velocities and deceleration times are strongly correlated with TTE derived parameters, but with a systematic underestimation [75]. Cardiovasc Res. Kawel N, Nacif M, Zavodni A, Jones J, Liu S, Sibley CT, Bluemke DA. arXiv preprint. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. Due to the differences in sequence type, measurement technique and data presentation the normal values of the two studies are presented separately. 2010;12:65. No extra-axial collections. Impact of age, sex, and indexation method on MR left ventricular reference values in the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort. There are a number of CMR acquisition factors that can affect the measurement of normal T1 and ECV values. In recent years however, major improvements have been made in the development of automated CMR segmentation methods based on AI technology using so called Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. MRI CSF flowmetry provides an easy, accurate, and non-invasive method for diagnosis of different neurological diseases that cause CSF flow abnormality. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;17:98190. body building and weight training). Their mean age ranged from 1 to 65years; they were referred from neurological departments of children and adults. using a black blood spin echo sequence [88]. To minimize errors in measurement of aorta size, multiplanar reformation should be used to make double-oblique measurements perpendicular to the centerline of the course of the vessel. CAS This article has been updated to correct Table 39. For 3-dimensional modeling a stack of SAx images has been used [31]. Rose JL, Lalande A, Bouchot O, el Bourennane B, Walker PM, Ugolini P, Revol-Muller C, Cartier R, Brunotte F. Influence of age and sex on aortic distensibility assessed by MRI in healthy subjects. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. Hence, here we present an updated and expanded version of the normal value CMR review. Gandy SJ, Lambert M, Belch J, Cavin I, Crowe E, Littleford R, MacFarlane JA, Matthew SZ, Martin P, Nicholas RS, et al. There are a number of different methods to quantify strain: registration methods, feature-based tracking methods, deformable models, Gabor Filter Banks, optic flow methods, harmonic phase analysis (HARP) [169], and local sine wave modeling (SinMod) [163]. The aforementioned factors contribute to the large heterogeneity of published reference ranges. Prakken NH, Velthuis BK, Teske AJ, Mosterd A, Mali WP, Cramer MJ. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. Phase contrast MRI was studied at the level of aqueduct in 12 patients with NPH; all parameters were found significantly higher in NPH group compared to the control group indicating hyperdynamic CSF flow in NPH patients. The reversal in the direction of flow is picked up by alternating light and dark appearance of CSF in front and behind the medulla and upper spinal cord on phase-contrast cine MRI. Currently no AI-based normal values have been published in the literature. J Am Coll Cardiol. Measurement of the dimensions of the pulmonary arteries on bSSFP images according to [99]. MRI CSF flowmetry provides an easy and non-invasive method for diagnosis and follow-up of different neurological diseases that could cause CSF flow abnormality. CAS However, reference ranges based on a smaller sample size are of limited validity and should be applied with caution. Where semi-automated segmentation of trabecular contours is undertaken, the type of algorithm used may impact subsequent results so the methods must specify the algorithm in detail [57]. Furthermore, the type of inversion pulses, which may be vendor specific can also affect T1 values. Note that LVpapillary muscle mass has been isolated and added to LVmass. For Simpsons method and 3D modeling, a stack of cine bSSFP images in the SAx view are analyzed. 2019;12:e009214. Absolute and RV volumes indexed by BSA are significantly larger in males compared to females [11, 14, 16, 18, 22, 29]. 2016. American Heart Association (AHA) criteria for grading valve stenosis or insufficiency is suggested [78, 79] (Table 33). T1 mapping and survival in systemic light-chain amloidosis. In normal adults, the CSF volume is 90 to 200 mL [ 1 ]; approximately 20 percent of the CSF is contained in the ventricles; the rest is contained in the subarachnoid space in the cranium and spinal cord. Rosmini S, Bulluck H, Captur G, Treibel TA, Abdel-Gadir A, Bhuva AN, Culotta V, Merghani A, Fontana M, Maestrini V, et al. This trend was significant in the anterior (1, 7, 13) and apical inferior segments, but not in the remainder of segments [56]. Reference lines show the 3rd, 10th, 90th and 97th percentile. Funk S, Kermer J, Doganguezel S, Schwenke C, von Knobelsdorff-Brenkenhoff F, Schulz-Menger J. Quantification of the left atrium applying cardiovascular magnetic resonance in clinical routine. Subjects underwent a full informed consent . C shows measurements of the area for both views including the RA appendage. PC-MR was used to evaluate CSF peak velocity (PV), average velocity, aqueductal stroke volume (ASV), net ASV, and net flow. Advantages of a quantitative evaluation are a better differentiation between pathology and normal conditions, grading of pathologies, monitoring changes under therapy, and evaluating prognosis and the possibility of comparing different groups of patients and normal subjects. Mitral valve flow parameters for determination of diastolic LV function are shown in Table 34. In the study by Kawel el al. The T2-preparation pulse may be sensitive to off-resonance and B1 inhomogeneity effects; these effects are more severe at 3T. T2-preparation based on adiabatic radiofrequency (RF)-pulses have been shown to lessen these effects at 3T. TSE and GRASE sequences are sensitive to specifics of the RF-pulses which are vendor and implementation dependent. This review has provided reference values and factors affecting these parameters on current CMR techniques and sequences. Distribution of left ventricular trabeculation across age and gender in 140 healthy Caucasian subjects on MR imaging. Radau P, Lu Y, Connelly K, Paul G, Dick A, Wright G. Evaluation framework for algorithms segmenting short axis cardiac MRI. Age-related changes of shape and flow dynamics in healthy adult aortas: a 4D flow MRI study. 2011;33:13219. As for T1 mapping, site-specific reference ranges should be established. Petitjean C, Rougon N, Cluzel P. Assessment of myocardial function: a review of quantification methods and results using tagged MRI. T1 maps with measurements. Figure17a shows an outline of tagged CMR analysis using HARP. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance reference ranges for the heart and aorta in Chinese at 3T. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. Table 30 provides normal values for mass and volume of trabeculation. 2012;28(Suppl 2):1417. Suinesiaputra A, Cowan BR, Finn JP, Fonseca CG, Kadish AH, Lee DC, Medrano-Gracia P, Warfield SK, Tao W, Young AA. Impact of papillary muscles in ventricular volume and ejection fraction assessment by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. For MOLLI pulse sequences the number of inversions, number of images following each inversion, and number of recovery beats between inversion pulses, and the flip angle affect normal values [101]. c 3D DRIVE image showing patent normal aqueduct. 2008;10:56. Axial cross sectional images at predefined anatomic levels were used for measuring the ascending and descending aorta [86] as well as cusp-commissure and cusp-cusp diameters at the level of the aortic sinus [85] (Fig. Maximum CSF flow velocity (Vmax) in the aqueduct is calculated as the average of the absolute values of PDV and PSV (Fig. Del-Canto I, Lopez-Lereu MP, Monmeneu JV, Croisille P, Clarysse P, Chorro FJ, Bodi V, Moratal D. Characterization of normal regional myocardial function by MRI cardiac tagging. Rohner A, Brinkert M, Kawel N, Buechel RR, Leibundgut G, Grize L, Kuhne M, Bremerich J, Kaufmann BA, Zellweger MJ, et al. The degree of CSF flow disturbance has been shown to correlate with severity and development of clinical symptoms [14]. [56]. 2011;58:126270. 2011;10:76. Following the Mitchell classification, sports can be characterized as being high or low in dynamic (endurance, isotonic) versus static (strength/resistance, isometric) training and performance components [48]. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011;123:151928. Rev Esp Cardiol. Reduced ascending aortic strain and distensibility: earliest manifestations of vascular aging in humans. MRI CSF flowmetry will be currently assessed in different neurological diseases that may cause CSF flow abnormalities. This example shows one short-axis image for a mid-sliceLV level. The longitudinal diameter of the LV was measured on the 4 chamber view as the distance between the mitral valve plane and the LV apex (a, c). 2013;15:36. 2006b;27:287988. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 19:34753479, CAS J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. Myocardial T2* is not affected by ageing, myocardial fibrosis, or impaired left ventricular function. J Magn Reson Imaging 44:463470, Senger KPS, Singh RK, Singh AK, Singh A, Dashottar S, Sharma V, Mishra A (2017) CSF flowmetry: an innovative technique in diagnosing normal pressure hydrocephalus. Finally, when available,the relationship of demographic factors (e.g.
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