Newer molecular-genetic methods have estimated the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based, common-variant heritability of baldness at around 50% [13]. . 14048. The study found that the men who were balding had higher total testosterone, higher free testosterone, and higher DHT levels than controls. [15], Heilmann-Heimbach et al. [, Sudden weight loss and calorie restriction can cause hair loss, possibly due to micronutrient deficiency. Fertig, Raymond M., et al. The regression weights from this GWAS were used to perform a prediction analysis in the sub-sample of 12,000 participants who did not contribute to the GWAS. 2014 May;306(4):413-8. doi: 10.1007/s00403-013-1436-4. A Population-Based Study. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk, vol. Causes of Male Pattern Baldness. Genetic variants at 20p11 confer risk to androgenetic alopecia in the Chinese Han population. Heilmann et al. Lai, Ching-Huang, et al. Medicine (Baltimore). The drug was the first to be approved by the American Food and Drug Association (FDA) it is known as a treatment for hair loss and androgenetic alopecia. Despite there being genetic overlap for SNP hits associated with baldness and Parkinsons Diseasefirst noted in Li et al. In addition, in that study, age was included in the predictor, explaining the bulk of the differences. male pattern baldness. Ruksiriwanich W, Linsaenkart P, Khantham C, Muangsanguan A, Sringarm K, Jantrawut P, Prom-U-Thai C, Jamjod S, Yamuangmorn S, Arjin C, Rachtanapun P, Jantanasakulwong K, Phimolsiripol Y, Barba FJ, Sommano SR, Chutoprapat R, Boonpisuttinant K. Plants (Basel). What the evidence shows is pretty interesting. 2023 by The President and Fellows of Harvard College, Do not sell my personal information | Privacy Policy. Zhou CK, Stanczyk FZ, Hafi M, Veneroso CC, Lynch B, Falk RT, Niwa S, Emanuel E, Gao YT, Hemstreet GP, Zolfghari L, Carroll PR, Manyak MJ, Sesterhenn IA, Levine PH, Hsing AW, Cook MB. 77, no. 10, no. Can We Predict Prostate Size by Scoring Baldness? We also generated a polygenic predictor that discriminated between those with no hair loss and those with severe hair loss. Genetic Variants at 20p11 Confer Risk to Androgenetic Alopecia in the Chinese Han Population. PLoS ONE, vol. European Journal of Cancer. DHT harms the follicle so that Evaluation of DNA Variants Associated with Androgenetic Alopecia and Their Potential to Predict Male Pattern Baldness. PLoS ONE, vol. Would you like email updates of new search results? This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Contributed equally to this work with: 2016 [14]) can be used as a proxy phenotype for general cognitive ability. This members-only section gives a visual overview of your genes along with more lifehacks and supplement suggestions. We have used identical analysis protocols for other traits with far lower SNP-based heritabilities in the same UK Biobank cohort and observed no evidence of inflation [43]. We explored the genetic architecture of the trait using data from over 52,000 male participants of UK Biobank, aged 40-69 years. 895902. A full list of the autosomal significant gene-based hits is provided in S3 Table and significant genes on the X chromosome are shown in S4 Table. After completing the GWAS, we split the cohort into a large discovery sample of 40,000 participants in which the GWAS was re-run. Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) 101, CLINICS IN FLOWER MOUND, HURST, FRISCO AND PROSPER TO MEET YOUR NEEDS, Choose the Clinic That Works Best for You, Frisco Testosterone Replacement Therapy Clinic, Hurst Testosterone Replacement Therapy Clinic, Prosper Testosterone Replacement Therapy Clinic, Read more about the many symptoms of low testosterone here, Amazing Events for Prosper Residents Just Down the Road, 8 Common Hypothyroidism Symptoms in Men . -. Most recently, a 20-SNP predictor was assessed in three European studies [13]. 21, no. Scalp Bumps 11, Nov. 2017, p. 13030/qt24k8q743. Methods: So mom may be only partially to blame. 2023 Feb 2;12(3):653. doi: 10.3390/plants12030653. and transmitted securely. government site. Please note the date of last review or update on all articles. This pattern clearly shows that the patient is facing permanent baldness or male pattern baldness. For the imputed autosomal data, we restricted the analyses to variants with a minor allele frequency >0.1% and an imputation quality score >0.1. 3, Mar. Whatever you call it, this type of balding is characterized by: A lot of the genes that increase the risk for baldness lie on the X chromosome. Funding: This research was conducted, using the UK Biobank Resource, in The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross-council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (MR/K026992/1). 4,885. Androgenetic alopecia, commonly known as male pattern baldness, is the most common type of progressive hair loss disorder in men. An additive combination of the autosomal and X chromosome polygenic scores gave an AUC of 0.78 (sensitivity = 0.74, specificity = 0.69, PPV = 0.59, NPV = 0.82) for severe hair loss, 0.68 (sensitivity = 0.66, specificity = 0.61, PPV = 0.58, NPV = 0.68) for moderate hair loss, and 0.61 (sensitivity = 0.64, specificity = 0.53, PPV = 0.49, NPV = 0.68) for slight hair loss (Fig 2). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Marciska et al. The androgen receptor (AR) and ectodysplasin A2 receptor (EDA2R), along with a region in between those two X-chromosome genes, have all been linked in multiple studies to an increased risk of baldness. It is possible that the hair structure proteins interact biologically with sex hormones, leading to a higher prevalence of baldness. By splitting the cohort into a discovery sample of 40,000 and target sample of 12,000, we developed a prediction algorithm based entirely on common genetic variants that discriminated (AUC = 0.78, sensitivity = 0.74, specificity = 0.69, PPV = 59%, NPV = 82%) those with no hair loss from those with severe hair loss. PMC Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted and areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated using the pROC package in R [54, 55]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006594, Editor: Markus M. Noethen, University of Bonn, GERMANY, Received: August 18, 2016; Accepted: January 21, 2017; Published: February 14, 2017. We showedin line with a previous study [13], but with much greater precisionthat a substantial proportion of individual differences in hair loss patterns can be explained by common genetic variants on the autosomes as well as on the X chromosome. [, A small study showed that eating fresh herbs and raw vegetables more than 3 times per week was associated with half the risk of baldness. [15] and the variant from Richards et al. The condition is also called androgenetic alopecia and, in men, male-pattern baldness. DHT has been proven to shrink hair follicles, which makes it impossible for healthy hair to survive. Linkage disequilibrium score (LDS) regression analyses [57] were used to generate genetic correlations between baldness and 24 cognitive, anthropometric, and health outcomes, where phenotypic correlations or evidence of shared genetic architecture have been found (S7 Table). 817.918.4763, 4150 Justin Rd. These men were asked to choose, from four patterns (no loss; slight loss; moderate loss; severe loss), the one that matched their hair coverage most closely. It is possible that genetic variants leading to higher levels of expression of this gene result in greater inhibition of hair growth, leading to male pattern baldness. Join Here for full access to this article, genotype reports, and much more! Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Affiliations Following completion of his schooling, Glenn started a 10 year career in the field of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and in 2010 he began focusing on the medical management of those suffering from symptoms caused by low testosterone after witnessing hormone replacement doctors help Low T sufferers. [, Low ferritin levels in women may cause hair loss. The chromosome 6 hit (rs4959410) from Liu et al. Membership Benefits: Thereafter, each threshold was used to discriminate between those with no hair loss and those with severe hair loss via logistic regression with results being reported for the optimal predictor only. PRSice creates polygenic scores by calculating the sum of alleles associated with male pattern baldness across many genetic loci, weighted by their effect sizes estimated from the male pattern baldness GWAS. GO:0003682 (transcription factor binding), includes the murine gene Cux1 that is important for, amongst other things, hair growth [40]. No additional boundary was added beyond the genes start and stop site. PubMed Central, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1226186/. 128284. No, Is the Subject Area "Single nucleotide polymorphisms" applicable to this article? Six Novel Susceptibility Loci for Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia and Their Unexpected Association with Common Diseases. PLoS Genetics, vol. Its then easy to incorrectly conclude that its the amount of DHT circulating in the system thats causing the shrinkage of hair follicles and subsequent hair loss. Circulation is also needed for removing the metabolic waste products that can cause oxidative stress in the hair follicles. 5, May 2012, p. e1002746. Men experiencing male pattern baldness usually have a high level of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a byproduct of testosterone that has been broken down for use by the body. Additionally, a study published in the Journal of Korean Medical Science found that iron not only plays a role in hair loss, but it may also lead to hair fall in a fashion similar to genetic male and female-pattern baldness. Fig 1. Pirastu, Nicola, et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006594.s008, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006594.s009, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006594.s010, The enrichment statistic is the proportion of heritability found in each functional group divided by the proportion of SNPs in each group (Pr(h2)/Pr(SNPs)). The hope is that identifying these genes will provide targets for therapeutic intervention. Many of us find bald heads very manly and attractive. Although the exact pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia remains to be clarified, research has shown that it is a polygenetic condition. Below are a few of the research-based options for delaying or reducing hair loss. 23, no. Hair loss from male pattern baldness occurs as a result of your genetics and exposure to certain hormones. Sunflower seeds and Brazil nuts are packed with selenium. 10.1093/aje/kwv190 He, Huadong, et al. I have read the journal's policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: IJD and DJP are participants in UK Biobank. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14694. 2011 Aug;22(8):1824-7. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdq695. 1951;53(3):70828. Hereditary-pattern baldness is the most common cause of hair loss. https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/androgenetic-alopecia Martinez-Chapoy D, Cruz-Arroyo FJ, Ancer-Leal FD, Rodriguez-Leal RA, Camacho-Zamora BD, Guzman-Sanchez DA, Espinoza-Gonzalez NA, Martinez-Jacobo L, Marino-Martinez IA. In total, we carried out 25 hypothesis tests. Two other genes included in the gene-based findings, OPHN1 and ZC4H2, have previously been associated with X-linked mental retardation [26, 34]. This pattern clearly shows that the patient is facing permanent baldness or male pattern baldness. During telogen, it remains dormant. The imputed X chromosome SNP data for UK Biobank have not yet been released but will likely provide further clues about the genetic architecture of male pattern baldness. We identified over 250 independent genetic loci associated with severe hair loss (P<5x10-8). This type of balding is an inherited trait that affects both men and women and is linked to genetics. Ustuner, Emin Tuncay. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000011379. [ref] More recent studies on the genes involved in balding put the heritability at over 90%, leaving little to be blamed on the environment. 99, no. The Alzheimers data set without this region is referred to as 'Alzheimers 500kb'. WebAbstract Purpose: Androgenetic alopecia, commonly known as male pattern baldness, is the most common type of progressive hair loss disorder in men. Thanks for visiting. 7, Nov. 2013, p. e64. Protective Role of Nutritional Plants Containing Flavonoids in Hair Follicle Disruption: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. Here, we present the largest genome-wide study of baldness to date, using data from over 52,000 male participants in the UK Biobank study. -. Look for circular, patchy bald spots. The genome-wide association study of the four-category self-reported baldness measure in 52,874 White British men from UK Biobank yielded 13,029 autosomal hits from the imputed data (P<5x10-8), in addition to 117 hits (out of 14,350 genotyped SNPs) on the X chromosome (Fig 1). Saskia P. Hagenaars, 226870. MeSH PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.913116. For example, animal models indicate that FGF5 is critical for the inhibition of hair growth and mutations in FGF5 are associated with excessively long eyelashes in humans [35]. Prosper, TX 75078 Most testosterone myths have developed as a result of observing differences between men and women, and people assumed the natural differences in testosterone levels was the determining factor. A number of genes determine the predisposition for androgenetic alopecia in a polygenic fashion. In studies of 81 affected individuals from 14 Caucasian families in which females had polycystic ovaries and males pattern baldness, Carey et al. Check your genetic data for rs1160312 (23andMe v4, v5): Members: Your genotype for rs1160312 is . e1006594. So why does it decrease hair growth on the head? -, Skin Pharmacol. Firstly, a baseline model was derived using 52 overlapping, functional categories. Chief among these is a hormone called dihydrotestosterone, or DHT. Androgenic alopecia is not useful as an indicator of men at high risk of prostate cancer. Six Novel Susceptibility Loci for Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia and Their Unexpected Association with Common Diseases. PLoS Genetics, vol. No, Is the Subject Area "X chromosomes" applicable to this article? Stratified linkage disequilibrium score (SLDS) regression [59] was used to determine if a specific group of SNPs made a greater contribution to the heritability of male pattern baldness than would be expected by the size of the SNP set. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the hair loss. eCollection 2023 Jun. MeSH 888.828.4300info@tctmed.com. Hair is very important to mammalianthermoregulation thus it makes sense for its biology to be very complex. There are medications that may work for some, but the risk of side effects needs to be carefully considered. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The gene-based analysis identified 112 autosomal genes and 13 X chromosome genes that were associated with baldness after a Bonferroni correction (P<0.05/18,061 and P<0.05/567, respectively). Male pattern baldness is often genetic. Aourag, Nassim, et al. Regulation and dysregulation of hair regeneration: aiming for clinical application. In this article you can expect to learn more about the genetic predisposition to Male Pattern Hair Loss, as well as the causes and treatments available to help Yes The top 20 hits from the autosomes were located in or near to genes that have been associated with, for example, hair growth/length in mice (FGF5) [20], grey hair (IRF4) [21], cancer (breast: MEMO1 [22], bladder: SLC14A2 [23]), histone acetylation (HDAC9), and frontotemporal dementia (MAPT) [24]. The androgen receptor is on the X chromosome, which is why some people propagate the myth that male-pattern baldness comes from the mother's side of the family (a male inherits the X chromosome from mom, the Y chromosome from dad). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006594.s007. FOIA Check your genetic data for rs2223841 (23andMe v4): Members: Your genotype for rs2223841 is . Regulation of hair growth in mammals is extremely complicated and poorly understood, in spite of this subject being a very active area of research. Its caused by genes you get from your parents. 8, no. Zhang, Yingchun, et al. No significant associations were found; all estimates were close to zero (S6 Table). 21, no. For genes on the X chromosome the genotype data from UK Biobank was used and the gene-based statistic was derived using each participants phenotype score. Using the PubMed database, we conducted a systematic review of the literature, selecting studies published from 1916 to 2016. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. Yes 128284. Cannarella, Rossella, et al. Together these genetic variants accounted for nearly 38% of the risk [2] Jump to reference section: [2] . Nominally significant genetic correlations highlighted in bold. We determined the accuracy of the polygenic profile score by discriminating between those with severe hair loss and those with no hair loss. Pilot study: genetic distribution of AR, FGF5, SULT1A1 and CYP3A5 polymorphisms in male Mexican population with androgenetic alopecia. Serum Levels of Androgen-Associated Hormones Are Correlated with Curative Effect in Androgenic Alopecia in Young Men. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, vol. Learn more about your genetic susceptibility and dig deeper into the lifestyle factors that could affect your sperm. Meta-Analysis Identifies Novel Risk Loci and Yields Systematic Insights into the Biology of Male-Pattern Baldness. Nature Communications, vol. Scientists have studied the genetic predisposition to baldness in twins. The way to do this is by massaging scalp regions where thinning hair exists with the fingertips. Hair follicles need a good flow of blow in order to stay healthy and keep your hair growing.This one technique itself will reverse male pattern baldness in no time. So there you have it. By contrast, of those with a polygenic score in the top 10%, 58% reported moderate-to-severe hair loss. [10], Li et al. What are the genetics of male pattern baldness? 3, June 2003, pp. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Androgenic alopecia (the scientific term for male pattern baldness) is often wrongly attributed to hormones. Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), or male pattern baldness, is the most common type of progressive hair loss disorder in men. Safe, joyful movement for people of all weights. The GWAS for the imputed autosomal dataset was performed in SNPTest v2.5.1 [47] via an additive model, using genotype probability scores. 24, no. [. The GWAS for self-reported baldness was re-run on a sub-sample of 40,000 individualsretaining an equal proportion of each of the four baldness patterns as observed in the full cohortto allow a polygenic prediction score to be built and applied to the remaining, independent sample of 12,874 individuals. [13] and Pickrell et al. Mater Today Bio. That means that they get a second chance. 2000 May;9(5):523-7. 6, June 2016, pp. Accessibility Hunting the genes in male-pattern alopecia: how important are they, how close are we and what will they tell us? ~ Printable topic summary reports. Distribution of hair loss by male pattern baldness polygenic score decile in the, Fig 4. [ref][ref][ref] Also consider the side effects of minoxidil (hair loss, allergy). No, Is the Subject Area "Genetic linkage" applicable to this article? Targeted Approaches to Improving Egg Quality, BPIFB4 Gene Linked to Longevity and Heart Health. The .gov means its official. Bookshelf Manhattan Plot of imputed autosomal GWAS and genotyped X chromosome of male pattern, Fig 2. Regulatory Effects of Thai Rice By-Product Extracts from. 2004 Apr;131(8):1787-99 Male-pattern baldness susceptibility locus at 20p11 J. Richards, Xin Yuan, +19 authors V. Mooser Medicine Nature Genetics 2008 TLDR The one man in seven who harbors risk alleles at both 20p11.22 and AR (encoding the androgen receptor) has a sevenfold-increased odds of androgenic alopecia. Hormones: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a type of androgen. 128, no. 2023-03-14T04:37:16.703Z. Hurst,TX76054 Multiple testing was controlled for using a false discovery rate (FDR) correction [58]. The most common type of hair loss among men in their 20s and 30s is alopecia universalis. 2023 Mar;31(3):321-328. doi: 10.1038/s41431-022-01201-y. Is the Subject Area "Genome-wide association studies" applicable to this article? If youve found that your beard is thinning or that youre losing body hair, it could be a symptom of low testosterone. SNPs were assigned to no more than one clump. Genotyping details including quality control steps have been reported previously [43]. As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. Living with male pattern baldness can be stressful and embarrassing. When males go through puberty and testosterone, and DHT levels rise, this is what triggers hair growth all over the body. Check your genetic data for rs12373124 (23andMe v4): Members: Your genotype for rs12373124 is . [15] and Heilmann-Heimbach et al.,[16] suggesting a degree of robustness in phenotypic measurement, which was briefer here than in previous studies of male pattern baldness. Cause of Androgenic Alopecia: Crux of the Matter. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, vol. Almost all men and women will notice hair loss or hair thinning as they age. After conditioning on the top SNP (rs73221556), 47 SNPs (including the two lead X chromosome SNPs from the literature: rs2497938 and rs6625163) remained significant at P<5x10-8. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071771. Baldness is known to be substantially heritable [10]. Position of genes implicated in male pattern hair loss, from [4]. Evaluation of DNA Variants Associated with Androgenetic Alopecia and Their Potential to Predict Male Pattern Baldness. PLoS ONE, vol. 2022 May 11;19:626-641. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.022. high level of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a byproduct of testosterone Yes Some myths say, on the one hand, that too much testosterone causes balding. 8600 Rockville Pike No, Is the Subject Area "Genetics" applicable to this article? Zhou CK, Levine PH, Cleary SD, Hoffman HJ, Graubard BI, Cook MB. Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom. An official website of the United States government. HDAC9 is associated with male pattern baldness (the present paper and Li et al. Briefly, from the sample with genetic data available as of June 2015, 112,151 participants remained after the following exclusion criteria were applied: SNP missingness, relatedness, gender mismatch, non-British ancestry, and failed quality control for the UK BiLEVE study [43]. Like other hormones, it binds to receptors within your body. DHT is created as a byproduct of testosterone. Check your genetic data for rs12565727 (23andMe v5): Members: Your genotype for rs12565727 is . Whereas the genomic inflation factor from the GWAS was large (1.09, Q-Q plot in S1 Fig), this is likely to be a result of genuine polygenic effects. But many women also notice thinning hair around the temples and at the top of the head when aging. 9, Sept. 2008, pp. One theory, proposed by Dr. Ustuner, explained in a 2013 paper theorizes the tightness of the skin across the top of the head is what causes the miniaturization of the hair follicles, resulting in male pattern baldness.[ref]. Yes Can electrical brain stimulation boost attention, memory, and more? Piraccini, B. M., and A. Alessandrini. Hair loss typically begins in the 20s and 30s, although in women the changes are most noticeable after menopause. Palliative care frightens some people: Heres how it helps, Parents don't always realize that their teen is suicidal. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Men normally lose their hair when three main factors interact: genetics, age, and hormones. Get the latest in health news delivered to your inbox! While many factors contribute to hair loss, genetics is one of the most common causes. Index SNPs were identified (P<5x10-8) and clumps were formed for SNPs with P<1x10-5 that were in LD (R2>0.1) and within 500kb of the index SNP. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Answer by Adriana Heguy, Director of the NYUMC Genome Technology Center and Professor of Pathology, on Quora: Unfortunately the genetics of androgenetic alopecia (male-pattern baldness) is not really well understood. 14048. ~ See your genotype in articles. . It is clear that male-pattern baldness is a highly heritable condition [1], although there is also some evidence for the involvement of epigenetic factors [2]. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002746. As a second example, the RSPO2 gene is associated with hair growth in dogs [36]. Genetics play an important role by hair loss, we zoom in on Androgenetic Alopecia, which is male pattern baldness and the best treatment against male pattern baldness. 2009 Aug;126(2):255-64 The corresponding AUC for the optimal X chromosome polygenic score was 0.62. 28, July 2018, p. e11379. 1217. Almost 10% of couples worldwide struggle with infertility. Try A Different OS, Get Vaccinated? Check your genetic data for rs1511061 (23andMe v4): Members: Your genotype for rs1511061 is . Error bars are jackknife standard errors around the estimate of enrichment. How does a father feel about the birth of his first child. Am J Epidemiol. However, further studies are needed before the specific genetic factors of this polygenic condition can be fully explained. Suite 190 12, Dec. 2013, p. e79789. Androgenic Alopecia Is Associated with Less Dietary Soy, Higher Blood Vanadium and Rs1160312 1 Polymorphism in Taiwanese Communities. PLoS ONE, vol. More recent studies call it just pattern baldness, which is an indication that this is a problem that affects women as well as men. 149, no. Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight lossfrom exercises to build a stronger core to advice on treating cataracts. WebHair loss is something that occurs in both men and women. Arch Dermatol Res. National Library of Medicine WebWhen talking about baldness, it's important to remember that male-pattern baldness is the most common cause, and this type has indeed a very important hereditary factor. Prostate. Living with male pattern baldness can be stressful and embarrassing. GWAS for Male-Pattern Baldness Identifies 71 Susceptibility Loci Explaining 38% of the Risk. Nature Communications, vol. [ref] More was not better and too much finasteride has adverse effects (more on this below). Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Affiliations The 178 patients were treated with finasteride, an AR blocker. The top 10 independent X chromosome hits are presented in Table 2; rs140488081 and rs7061504 are intronic SNPs in the OPHN1 gene. Gene-set pathway analyses were carried out in DEPICT [52] using the genome-wide significant autosomal SNPs as input. 8, no. Clin Epigenetics. Male pattern baldness, or androgenetic alopecia, may result from genetics or a scalp infection or skin disorder.
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