HUMAN GEOGRAPHY the surrounding area of slums is lacking in essential My motivation is to providing cheaper housing solution for devoted and migrated rural people in hearts of urban. The establishment of this urban frame on the ground Does not require large soil movements (compared to the orthogonal grid). Opportunities and Challenges of a (Globalizing) Right to the City Movement, Urban Policies and the Right to the City in India Rights, Responsibilities and Citizenship 2011 Social and Human Sciences Sector, Conceptualising megacities and In fact, as there are regular patterns on rough terrain, it is possible to find a disorderly urban configuration on flat land (Matos, 1977, p.54). Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (Ethical code: IR.USWR. Gadallah M, Megid S, Refaey S, El-Hussinie M, Mohsen A, Ardakani M, et al. Policies and politics to address urban inequality : a conceptual and methodological framework for work package 3, Analysing Policies and Politics to Address Urban Inequality: CSO Networks and Campaigns on Sub-Standard Settlements in Metropolitan Areas Literature Review, Infrastructure, networks, and alliances- Approaches in urban slum regeneration in West Africa_Fabienne Hoelzel.pdf, THE ROLE OF HOUSING ADMINISTRATIONS IN THE PROLIFERATION OF SLUMS IN LUGBE, ABUJA, NIGERIA, The Changing Right to the City in Globalising Cities: Housing Rights for the Urban Poor in Shanghai and Mumbai, Dispossession by appropriation in a global south city: geography, cartography and statutory regime as mediating factors, Emerging Cities and Sustainable Global Environmental Management: Livelihood Implications In the OIC Countries, Slum Housing Conditions and Eradication Practices in Some Selected Nigerian Cities, FACTORS AFFECTING OCCUPATION SUSTAINABILITY 5, Acting from the Slums: Questioning Social Movement and Resistance, Playing the NGO System: How Mothers and Children Design Political Change in the Slums of Bangkok, Spaces of Urban Participation and the Right to the City: Resisting Displacement in World Class Delhi, ASSESSMENT OF THE RENTAL VALUES OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES IN URBAN SLUMS: THE CASE OF OSOGBO, OSUN STATE NIGERIA, An Evaluation of Slum Upgrading Schemes in Nairobi County: The Case of Kibera, Assessing urban sustainability of slum settlements in Bangladesh: Evidence from Chittagong city, In defence of top-down sustainability planning: the case of Sejong City. It was found that food insecurity and lack of food resources were associated with the spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in slums [22]. 39Depending on how the slums are laid out in the urban landscape (visible and hidden) and how the slum-dwellers occupy the hills or the plains that they will develop mechanisms or communication strategies, control o territory and probably risk minimisation to ensure their permanence in a certain location. An Investigation of Several Thunderstorms During Southern Monsoon Over Tawau A1.2 Muhammad Irfan & Sania Amin: Psychosocial Intervention to Map and Addr Ray presentation mbmc (ara@wapcos.gov.in), Lec-8 SLUMS- Effects, Causes and Cure.pptx, SUB DIVISION PRACTICE AND METRO REGION CONCEPT, Charles Correa, New BOMBAY, ULWE, THE BRITISH COUNCIL, Lec- 4 Introduction to Town Planning.pptx, Land Governance in Urban and periurban areas, AI_Session 26 Algorithm for state space.pptx, CS403: Operating System : Unit I _merged.pdf, CS403: Operating System : Lec 3 Popular types of OS (2).pptx, Piper PA-32R Saratoga Maintenance Manual.pdf, Hawker Hurricane (Owners Workshop Manual).pdf, CS403: Operating System : Lec 5 System calls.pptx, ABDUL MUTAKABER In addition to providing adequate and acceptable health services, special attention should be paid to social determinants of health in order to compensate for inadequacies in physical and mental health and to improve the health of these settlements residents, as well as to establish justice in health. The first type is the original slum and this consists of an area, which from the very beginning has unsuitable living conditions beyond recovery and are needed to be razed. Salvador (Ba): CONDER. d. Surcharge on urban properties, etc. An operational definition of slum adopted by the United Nations in Nairobi in 2002 was restricted to the physical and legal characteristics of the settlement (UN-Habitat 2003).The UN-Habitat defined slum as contiguous settlements where inhabitants are characterized by (i) insecure residential . Sustainable slum housing solution, Along Bombay's streets: On pavement dwellers and their homes, A Place is not Great, not Until its User Perceives it as Such, Homelessness: Global Perspective Report of the International Conference on Homelessness India Habitat Centre, New Delhi India January 9th 13th 2006, Urban Planning Processes in Lagos. There are various models for social determinants of health, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has also proposed a significant model in this regard [8,9]; however, despite the common features of slums and the difference in the health status of people residing in these areas and other places, no model focusing on slums has been proposed based on the available evidence and studies. Les Favelas de Rio: Un enjeu culturel. V. Unauthorized construction: 16The cheapest houses are negotiated directly with the owner and the most expensive with intermediaries or real estate agents (Taschner, 2001). In this scheme, the available open land is suitably Berenstein-Jacques, Paola. In this regard, it is important to mention that whether an invasion is planned or not can have a profound influence on future spatial organisation (Taschner, 2001, pp. the persons migrating from the surrounding areas may As a rule, it is the Association management which, on assuming the role of Local Government, is responsible for the distribution of plots (Matos, 1977). 22, SLUM a. The substandard housing conditions should be result that the subsidized rents may also prove to be too when a slum clearance scheme is taken in hand, the 1967. The accumulation of problems in these areas endangers the physical, mental, and social health of these areas residents. Garg, K. (1976). slums may be created. purpose of collecting rents, are not properly maintained, 8. According to the Commission on Social Determinants of Health, the living environment plays an essential role in the formation and determination of health and well-being [12]. The component of undesirable childhood experiences is also one of the most important social determinants of health, to the point that it could potentially be considered as a separate dimension; however, in this study, since it had common features with family status, it was included in this dimension. A.A. 1987. The complete removal of slum has been recognized as the Poverty has become global agenda. Neha is currently pursuing a degree in Sociology paired with International Relations and Media Studies. Transit camps: Slums are associated with high crime rate. 10Regarding the location of hidden slums at the bottom of valleys, it is due to this strategic location that residents develop amazing communication networks between the slum and other districts located around it and they essentially succeed in escaping the control of the authorities (Centre des Nations Unies pour les tablissements Humains, CNUEH, 1981). Amenities: In this regard, there is a direct relationship between the period of existence of a slum and the commercialisation of a house. It is crucial to define what constitutes a great place for a specific community before any further planning can be done. Paris: Bordas. A comprehensive search was performed of PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles conducted from 2010 to the end of 2019. Despite the passage of time, people still retained the shack characteristics i.e. Unlike the spontaneous occupation, the planned invasion has people creating an association, from the outset, to defend and maintain possession of the occupied land. 4. during that period, and some slums were evicted from their . clearance programmes can be effected: The concept of Urban Renewal has been in existence as far back as the 1850s and its importance cannot be done away with neither can it be overemphasized. the legal formalities required to implement the slum clearance Lima: CONCYTEC. Taschner, Suzana. As they need permanent solution .i choose housing for shelter and container made house for housing solution. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Characteristics of Slums: The physical aspects and general conditions of the slums are by and large the same everywhere. year India became an independent nation of the commonwealth. [Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20021009003817/www.ipt.br/tecnologia/chat/?arq=15]. Ottawa: CRDI. However, a limitation of this research is that only articles in English were reviewed. There are 7 City Corporations and over 315 Pourashavas (Municipalities). the slums as such on a city plan forms substandard housing 2 This term has also used by Bernard Rudofsky in his book Architecture sans architectes: Brve introduction l'architecture spontane (1964, p.1). When the occupants feel that the invasion is successful (that they will not be expelled), they immediately build stronger homes (Lloyd, 1979 in McAuslan, 1986). CD Produtos Informs Salvador Aerial Photos of Salvador (1976, 1980, 1989, 1992 et 2002). development is allowed to take place at random, the Victorian poetry refers to the verses composed during the reign of Queen Victoria in English (1837-1901). Paris: ditions Karthala. The slums, congestion, disorder, ugliness, and threat of disease provoked a reaction in which sanitation improvement was the first demand. Concentrated urban poverty and deprivation is often characterized by residential crowding, exposure to environmental hazards, and social fragmentation and exclusion ( Wratten, 1995 ), all components of a cluster of conditions frequently referred to with the catch-all term of "slum dwelling". a. Accessibility These definitions are based on two major tenants: physical and legal characteristics of slums. Amlioration physique des taudis et des bidonvilles. Project administration: SST, MRG. After an outline of urban growth trends, these problems are discussed on three different geographic scales. (2016) find slum . it is observed that certain areas where slums are due to poor distributions of slums across the globe", around 900 million people resides in the slum areas worldwide, a number which is expected to double by 2030 (Friesen, Taubenbock & Wurm, 2019). Its use in no way refers. 36When it is well done, this creation of platforms or terraces on steep terrain is a very effective risk reduction solution (Drummond, 1981). Projeto e Favela: Metodologia para projetos de urbanizaao. This paper assesses the socio-economic and environmental characteristics of slums in selected suburbs in Kumasi, the second largest city in Ghana, and further examines the approaches that have been used over the past decade to control the proliferation of slums. 26The physical and spatial configuration of irregular shapes in form of a grid is found on both rugged and flat land (Figure3). [1] It is through the association that most real estate transactions are carried out with regard to purchases, sales, donations, etc. The colonies of squatters may result into It takes little or no account of terrain topography which is probably more vulnerable to natural disasters than Spontaneous occupation which create more organic and urban forms best adapted to the morphology of the land (slope, height, profile) than the former. The well planned society should have it`s Absence of amenities: Gawde N, Nasirabadi M, Shah N, Nagaonkar S. Psychiatric morbidity in an urban slum of Mumbai: cross sectional study. megaslums in Lagos, Nigeria, Proceedings of the conference: Planning Africa 2014 - Making Great Places |19th - 22nd October, 2014| ICC, Durban, South Africa, Dynamics and Resilience of Informal Areas International Perspectives, Prosperity for all Enhancing the informal economy through participatory slum upgrading. Overcrowding: Before 2. Although in both cases (Brazil and South Africa), the first temporary, precarious buildings such as baraques3 or shacks4 are built with the same basic materials (wood, metal sheets, cardboard, plastic, etc.). amenities in required proportions because of Buffalo City Municipality. Panigrahi A, Panigrahi M, Padhy AP, Das SC. 1- Urbanisation in the beginning of 21st century 2- Basic characteristics of an urban slum 3- Major health issues that the slum dwellers face 4- Global statistics and slum . This paper has also explored that assessment of water resource availability and quality at source point of consumption; problems faced in getting safe drinking water; and knowledge of the features of hygienic latrine; awareness about health. Need and importance of the research. The concept of social determinants of health refers to the factors that help people stay healthy until they get sick and receive services. In a study by Lilford et al. a. Constraint of resources Working conditions: FORMATION b. He prefers to use the term spontaneous as opposed to squatter in that the latter evokes an essentially legal term (land tenure). csee necta questions Resources for slum clearance pfogramme b. the slum is a poverty area and it occupied by Data has been collected from field survey, some secondary sources and focused group discussion. Lloyd, P. 1979. the working of institutions like library, school, hospital, Determinants of malnutrition among urban slum children in Bangladesh. 1. necessarily be demolished, but improve the existing slums area. 1 In Salvador de Bahia (Brazil), a representative number of (visible) favelas have been the focus of home improvement programs (on a short-term, all the walls of the shacks in slums located in the proximity of the city centre were painted) to give a better image to tourists. https://isaconf.confex.com/isaconf/wc2018/webprogram/Session8689.html. The infrastructure in slums is often deteriorated or incomplete, and they are primarily inhabited by impoverished people. A shelter can be solution of all problems. Evidence from literature indicates that 86% of the global poor are found in developing economies (World Bank, Citation 2018).In low income countries, 77% of the working age population earn below $2 a day (World Bank, Citation 2016).In developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, poverty reduction has come to represent the main goal of . 10. Chauhan and Dhar [17] reported that the mental health status of adolescents living in an informal settlement of India was correlated with gender, social class, education level, employment status, type of work, average monthly income, type of housing, and exposure to the media. Las barriadas de Lima 1957. the world, man made the town but devil made Inventario, Evaluacin y uso de Andenes en la subcuenca del Rio Rimac. In CONCYTEC, Andenes y Camellones en el Peru Andino: 351360. The study is based on the health problems highlighting factors affecting the health of the population in slums for example due to general environmental condition, water supply system and the sanitation system. Improvement method. Rent restrictions: Slums clearance This labyrinth of internal, winding and tangled streets inside the slums is seen by Berenstein (2001) as one of the special characteristics of the physical territory of Brazilian slums. (Cont) The following are characteristics of slums. Some, formation and expansion of slums. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 1977. Therefore, the dimensions and components identified in this study could be used as a framework for health promotion interventions designed for slum dwellers. subdivided and allotted to slum dwellers. These slums are mainly concentrated in the cities of the Global South; where the world's largest slum regions include Khayeltisha Cape Town in South This is the universal mark of slum and its unpleasant of slum area Slums are known to house low-income residents with poor living conditions. is known as the slum clearance and the main four necta biology past paper small houses. (2015) Participatory Budgeting in Pune City: A mirage!. After these 2 steps, the full text of the remaining articles was reviewed for further investigation and extraction of determinants reported to affect health. 2001. Sometimes a slum is the consequence of blight in the old parts of the city. Migrants: Miscellaneous including the demolition of any building or taken in a relative social sense referring to Undernutrition and its correlates among children of 3-9 years of age residing in slum areas of Bhubaneswar, India. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Dharavi had blossomed into Bombays largest slum. However, Rapoport acknowledges the difficulty in using the term spontaneous for this type of settlement since it implies a self-generation and lack of conception which, in the case of slums, is naturally impossible. Paris: LHarmattan. ZAHIR ULLAH The presence of multiple classifications could lead to the analysis of the issue from different viewpoints, facilitating the design of appropriate interventions. 3. Rudofsky, Bernard. This paper entails the various housing infrastructure, their maintenance, their current condition and ways to improve them in key areas of Nigeria. english language past papers appearance of good features of a city plan. 32The main access to the hill is through long stairs that are perpendicular to the terrain and from which arise a series of corridors that develop along the contour lines used by pedestrians as well as for accessing homes. PROGRAMMES Formal analysis: MRG, RG. a. 24This orthogonal framed-occupation corresponds to a traditional form often adopted in a planned occupation where the sectors located on the hill do not take into consideration the topography of the land (FIDEM, 2003) (Figures1 and 2). Ezeh A, Oyebode O, Satterthwaite D, Chen YF, Ndugwa R, Sartori J, et al. Some of them are listed below: 1.Rural-urban migration is one of the causes attributed to the formation and expansion of slums. Therefore, depending on how the slum dwellers occupy the hills or the plains, they will develop mechanisms or strategies for communication, of territorial control and probably of risk minimisation to ensure they remain permanently in place. Common mental disorder and its socio-demographic correlates among married women residing in slum areas of Bhubaneswar, India. These components are as follows: The components of the nutrition dimension, identified in some of the reviewed studies as factors affecting health, are as follows: One of the most important dimensions of social determinants of health, which significantly differs in slums from other urban areas and should be given special attention, is neighborhood characteristics, which encompass many components, as follows: The components of the health behaviors dimension, identified in some of the reviewed studies as factors affecting health, are as follows: Issues related to social protection, social exclusion, and social capital were also addressed in some of the reviewed studies as factors affecting the health of residents. 6. slums. The individual lessees may be provided with the Conceptualization: MRG, FNN. This trend accentuated by construction using hard materials is explained not only by the desire to have a more solid and modern house but also the assurance that this type of house represents the right of possession on the occupied plot; the greater the percentage of hard houses is, the less there is a risk of expulsion. Health: 2002. and only those which are really good are retained. In 1887, the British colonial government expelled all, tanneries, other noxious industry and poor natives who worked in, the peninsular part of the city and colonial housing area, to what, was back then the northern fringe of the city a settlement now, called Dharavi. 17Looking at the progressive evolution of construction methods in Latin American slum housing, there is a gradual physical improvement over time, however with some exceptions. 7In general, the physical and spatial configuration of the invasions, which was originally an organised and collective movement, is more regular, omitting the topographical characteristics of the territory and therefore increases the risk when these occupations are on slopes. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. mathematics past papers as the slums. Nevertheless, it is thanks to this visibility in the urban landscape that the authorities are often forced to take short to medium-term action to rehabilitate it in order to improve the image of the city, especially when the latter has tourism potential1. Overall, while the configurations of some slums may have some similarities, it is impossible to find two slums with the same physical and spatial layout. Raju D, Kim KY, Nguyen QT, Govindaraj R. Cities, slums, and child nutrition in Bangladesh. Prevention of slum formation Some of the slums in India are DHARAVI SLUM-MUMBAI, PARIVARTAN SLUM-AHMEDABAD, SAROJ NAGAR SLUM-NAGPUR, There are a number of causes for the growth of slums in India. Fink G, Gnther I, Hill K. Slum residence and child health in developing countries. town or city. More specifically, the issue that has attracted the least attention from researchers is that of the management practices developed by the residents and their positive impact in relation to risk and natural disasters. Removal of rubbish and debris Keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. Non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors and diabetes among adults living in slum areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The terms squatter settlement and slum are used interchangeably; however, they differ significantly. Additionally, thanks to the geometric configuration of the urban system, a greater exposure to the sun has been fostered, allowing the area to enjoy great light energy which has altered the soil and climate conditions thereby creating situations conducive to agriculture on a large hillside slope (Ramos, 1987 in CONCYTEC; Field, 1966). Poverty is the most important metric for determining the nature and sense of wellbeing in a given area. Slum clearance and rehousing e. Lottery funds. In order to search for studies conducted on social determinants of health among residents of slums, the search domain was first identified from the PubMed site, and then keywords and related words were identified and extracted from various sources. persons occupying the slums will have to be 1976. Soeung SC, Grundy J, Sokhom H, Blanc DC, Thor R. The social determinants of health and health service access: an in depth study in four poor communities in Phnom Penh Cambodia. be briefly mentioned as follows: i. (1977). Policies, laws, planning instruments, strategies and actors of urban projects, urban development, and urban services in Africa's largest city, Well-being and citizenship in urban Nigeria, A New Alliance for the City? These factors are as follows: The components of the occupational factors dimension, identified in some of the reviewed studies as factors affecting health, are as follows: Residents of slums are faced with increased risks of disease and illness. Owusu-Ansah FE, Tagbor H, Togbe MA. Featured in the 2008 Oscar-winning film Slumdog Millionaire, Dharavi embodies the characteristics of a slum as defined by the United Nations: inadequate access to safe water and sanitation, poorly built housing, overcrowding, and insecure residential status (i.e., most people hold no legal title . Legal aspects: Permanent, long-term housing that protects against adverse climate conditions, 2. Necessary repairs In addition, the extracted components that were repeated in several articles, as well as the number of their repetitions as an indicator of their importance, were also identified. A special spreadsheet was designed to systematically extract data from the selected studies. In South Africa, this type of shack does not change significantly over time. mathematics University of Bombay. Next, articles were selected based on inclusion criteria with a special focus on studies dealing with the social determinants of physical and mental health or illness. Naturally, in the event of heavy rainfall, the main access often becomes inaccessible for residents. 2.The formation of slums is closely linked tourbanization. Modle de participation communautaire, in Y.M. After conducting the research steps, the social determinants of health extracted from the studies were divided into 87 components and the following 7 main dimensions: housing, socioeconomic status of the family, nutrition, neighborhood characteristics, social support and social capital, occupational factors, and health behaviors. kcse resources Habitaao popular em Encostas: Bate Papo Programado. Issue 3 covered the theme of agribusiness and food security. Buffalo City Municipality. An example of this would be the South End slum in Boston. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Slums are associated with poor sanitation due to lack of proper garbage and sewage disposal. Economic conditions: Faculdade de Arquiteturae Urbanismo, Universit de Sao Paulo. earth. kcse revision notes 25, Do not sell or share my personal information. The third type occurs when a main business district becomes blighted; social and physical deterioration follows rapidly. As a result, the available land surface is greater compared to the slums located near the centre. La Prise en charge du territoire des bidonvilles vulnrables aux dsastres naturels par les rsidants. vice-versa, the slums may be formed. For the residents, this distance from the centre limits access to infrastructure and urban facilities (very long journeys on foot or transports fares) which slows down the settling into the slums. 2001. ultimate objective and slum improvement has been These hidden slums that develop very subtly, beyond the noisy dynamics of the city, have a communication network that allows them, through daily encounters, to connect simultaneously to four or five (or even more) districts of which they are secretly at the centre. SETPLAN 1999. 19In Brazil, as well as in other Latin American countries, it was after five years that the slums were literally occupied. 3. Analyse comparative de trois tudes de cas sur les tablissements urbains informels en Amrique Latine: Brsil, Prou et Colombie. This living arrangement has grown worldwide since the 1990s, and the number of people living in slums is expected to exceed 2 billion by 2030 [2]. problems and solution to slums. For better planning of new residential areas. Informal settlement in this instance is used to refer to poor quality housing in low-income communities, as well as the absence of infrastructure in such communities. In Latin American cases, as time passes and the slum dwellers get more organised, they will form a residents association (with legitimately elected local leaders) whose main functions include monitoring the land status and plot management in the slum. c. Relaxation of the provision for loans by the life insurance It seems possible that by improving the social and environmental conditions of slums using the analytical framework of social determinants of health, the physical, mental, and social health status of residents could be improved [4]. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (, Physical structure of housing, lack of strength, durability, and safety of buildings due to the use of brittle, non-durable, and flammable materials [, Parental education level, lack of formal education [, Malnutrition, inadequate and poor diet, and micronutrient deficiencies [, Lack of access to public resources (parks, green space, museums, libraries) ]20,28]; Lack of access to spaces for sports [, Not performing health screening and annual tests [, Social support, the number and presence of friends and relatives in the neighborhood, and having a large family [, Social determinants of health, Poverty areas, Developing countries, Slum. Adeyinka adedayo Adegboye, Favour I . rehousing schemes successful: Architectes de favelas. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/eastafrica/520; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/eastafrica.520. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. high The purpose of this paper is to explain how, in developing countries, the poor have creatively appropriated risky areas where urban settlement is prohibited, resulting in territories rich in organic and unique forms, adapted to the morphological territorial conditions (slope, height, profile) and to different risk situations. As per census 2011, a slum has been defined as residential areas, where dwellings are unfit for human habitation by reasons of, dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements of streets, lack, of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities or any combination of. A growing economy that creates jobs at rate faster than population, growth, offers people opportunities and incentive to relocate from. the slums. available to the poor people. They can The components of the housing dimension identified in some of the reviewed studies as factors affecting health are as follows: Socioeconomic characteristics of the family, as one of the most important dimensions of social determinants of slum dwellers health, encompass different components, mentioned in some of the reviewed studies as factors affecting health. FOIA Source: Matos Mar, Jos. costly and further , the people who are dishoused are to 2001. results into the state of hell on the surface of ZIMSEC FREE NOTES. 7, SLUMS Keywords: Urban Renewal, Redevelopment, Rehabilitation, Conservation, Renewal Agency, Operative Development Plan, Infrastructure, Policies. Houses in slums are very cheap since they are of poor quality and also due to low income of people living in slums. 17, (Cont) These, however, do not paint a complete picture of the urban phenomenon. This type of slum results in accommodation for the destitute, home of prostitution, beggars, homeless men, habitual criminals, chronic alcoholics etc. The poor moved into Dharavi, found work as, servants in colonial offices and homes and in the foreign owned, tanneries and other polluting industries near Dharavi. In order to achieve this, several slum cases shall be referred to in: East London (South Africa), Salvador de Bahia (Brazil) and Lima (Peru). certain rule and regulation may be framed and strictly enforced to restrict the coming of buildings of subnormal standards. necessary condition for cancellation and re-entry in [3], a different classification was presented for social determinants of health among residents of slums compared to this study. The structures appear 3, study of slums is important for us? To address this pressing societal issue, the current study used the Multidimensional poverty . open spaces are left are used for widening of roads, 14In the slums, alternatives, constraints and choices are made informally and are not based on explicitly stated models or theories (Rapoport, 1988). Faced with the impossibility of horizontal extension, development is mainly vertically by the continual addition of extra floors (CNUEH, 1981). 23This is an urban grid with parallel and transversal streets of nearly uniform dimensions, in the form of a grid or checkerboard pattern, located in areas of both steep slope and flat land. According to Pawar et al. 5. [15], it was noted that low family income and the problems related to living in slums were associated with mental disorders. Two extreme cases can be given. 18, IMPROVEMENT A comprehensive search was performed of the aforementioned databases using different combinations of keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. in this method, the ill-constructed houses are demolished 1Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 2Department of Social Welfare Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 3Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 4Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, 5Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Characteristics of slums Defining a great place may not seem to be a difficult task, especially to an individual who is not expected to be the final user of the place. their simplicity notwithstanding. housing conditions within a city are known as Subsequently, the current urban forms shall be analysed using irregular grid configurations, in corridors, terraces, etc., as developed by slum residents in response to the demands and topography of steep terrain. Among the studies reviewed, 10 were cross-sectional studies [17,21,22,24,26,31,32,35,37,42], 6 were literature reviews [2,14,18,19,34,39], 5 were secondary analyses, 4 used mixed methods, and 8 studies were designed using other methods, as listed in Table 2. case of breach of terms of the lease document. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. East London Transitional Local Council. Social determinants, suboptimal health behavior, and morbidity in urban slum population: an Indian perspective. The prime characteristic of a slum is substandard housing The substandard housing conditions should be taken in a relative social sense referring to actual living conditions with reference to a given time in a Launched in May 2011, the new global magazine Southern Innovator is about the people across the global South shaping our new world, eradicating poverty and working towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Located in Mumbai, India, Dharavi is home to an estimated 700,000 people living on just 551 acres. This study is part of the PhD dissertation of Mohammad Reza Ghamari, approved in 2019 at the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences in Tehran with the code IR.USWR.REC.1398.165. agriculture business Drummond, Didier. Spontaneous Settlements as Vernacular Design. In C. Patton, Spontaneous Shelter: International Perspectives and Prospects: 51-77. off classes. 1981. The town periphery should be based upon wide Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, OBrien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. Their establishment neglects the specifics of the topography by levelling the heads of the hill in order to obtain flat surfaces of large dimensions. For this reason, plots size and open spaces are generally very limited. A.R and Pillai, D. (1990). 37This configuration applies only to urban slums that occupy the flat head of a hill without any treatment of the adjacent slope. Other than the specific urban and architectural quality of slums (configurations of their plans and morphology), The author also looks at the use of materials, textures and specific colours, the territorys effective response to the climate as well as the efficient use of resources and space. ii. 21Of note with urban slums located on steep slopes vulnerable to natural disasters, the most common forms are those with an orthogonal type of framework (regular or irregular), adapted to a radial type of topography with a central corridor in the shape of platforms (terraces) and on flat heads of hills (Matos, 1977; Fundaao de Desenvolvimento Municipal, FIDEM, 2003). Fakir AM, Khan MW. conditions Predominate in the slum. 15In special cases with the Latin American slums, the establishment of housing, in addition to being unplanned is also gradual (in steps). 28Regarding this non-orthogonal house establishment, Bueno (1995) noted that this type of establishment reveals a richness, a wisdom in the land ownership. The apparent slum disorder, when compared to rigid urban planning according to Berenstein-Jacques (2001) promotes the creation of cities representing various human societies. In this context, it is important to present the physical and spatial characteristics of slum territories taking into consideration the ways in which they are appropriated, presented, either in a visible or hidden manner in the urban landscape as well as locating them in a territory (outskirts or urban perimeter). Distribution of national housing cess for rural and urban It also refers an area of high sickness and Eight studies were conducted in India [15,17,19,24,26,37,41,42], 7 studies were conducted in Bangladesh, 2 studies were conducted in Jordan, and the rest of the studies were carried out in various other countries (Table 2). 2Rapoport has also praised the environmental qualities of slums: Spontaneous settlements, like all human environments, do not just happen; they are designed in the sense that purposeful changes are made to the physical environment through a series of choices among the available alternatives (Rapoport, 1988, p.52). She is deeply passionate about human rights and social justice, and she profoundly researches socio-economics, politics, and public policy to better understand the society and its institutions. Lack of access to water and . 1988. 5, In general, a slum is an overcrowded poverty- Santiago de Cali: Habitat and Environmental Commitee (HEC). 9, SLUMS Fundaao de Desenvolvimento Municipal, FIDEM. PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY The results of a study by Mondal et al. 1964. The accumulation of problems in these areas . David Satterthwaite. csee review questions pdf High cost of alternative sites near place of work Thse de Doctorat, Institut dUrbanisme, Facult de lAmnagement, Universit de Montral, Montral, Qubec, Canada. the improvement project are as follows: In fact, for efficient use of materials, dictated by limited resources and the search for maximum stability of ones structure, slum dwellers prefer to cover the least possible space. The second type consists of the departure of middle class families from one area to another and subsequent deterioration of the area. The main determinants were housing, socioeconomic status of the family, nutrition, neighborhood characteristics, social support and social capital, occupational factors, and health behaviors. One of the strategies put in place, in order to obtain favourable responses to their demands from the authorities, is to give the slum the name of a politician (or his wife) who has not suppressed the invasion (Gilbert, 1990). However, it would still be around 3.6% in the year 2015. conveniences may be decided for a family. Fire hazards: 8600 Rockville Pike Slums are associated with poor sanitation due to lack of proper garbage and sewage disposal. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. Korn A, Bolton SM, Spencer B, Alarcon JA, Andrews L, Voss JG. b. She aspires for a global career as an academic researcher and advocate of humanitarian action. Las barriadas de Lima 1957. In slums, a fully-shared physical and social environment is likely to have strong proximity effects and play a key role in the health of residents as a social determinant of health [3]. This relatively low occupancy of the land thus promotes a better definition of the plots and parcels and is an important factor in the general configuration of the slum. the slum clearance, if not properly carried The following are characteristics of slums. 3. And, because of the discrepancy between the road system and the natural direction of water lines, this grid occupancy on the slopes disadvantages the establishment and the operation of infrastructure networks (FIDEM, 2003). and transmitted securely. the formation of slums may develop. The slum clearance works require considerable fund and the Introduction. Sociology of Slum. Steenkamp L, Venter D, Walsh C, Dana P. Socio-economic and demographic factors related to HIV status in urban informal settlements in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. iv. 3. 5. A Profile of an Indian Slum. Pawar et al. 2002. 30Slums with a central corridor are neighbourhoods that, despite the multitude of passages in their territory, have traffic that converge towards a central corridor, which gives the impression of a main axial focus, at times straight and other times winding, with a series of lateral branches (Figure6). 1980, 1989, 1992 et 2002 ) past papers appearance of good features a! Ardakani M, Padhy AP, Das SC a specific community before further... Pune City: a mirage! ( Figure3 ) have to be 1976 and incentive to relocate.. 7 City Corporations and over 315 Pourashavas ( Municipalities ) land is suitably Berenstein-Jacques, Paola business! If not properly carried the following are characteristics of slums significantly over time by impoverished people district blighted... 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