South Korea=150). Brown, L. , A quota sampling method was used to recruit an equal distribution of United States and Korean participants through a Qualtrics panel. [24], Former South Korean President Moon Jae-in, elected in May 2017, has said he supports the continuation of sanctions against North Korea if it is aimed at bringing North Korea out of its state of isolation and to the negotiating table. [80], South Korea's export-driven economy and competition with domestic U.S. producers in certain fields of products have led to some trade friction with the United States. Due to its communist worldview, the North is officially atheist. Messages communicating the importance of wearing masks should be tailored to different cultures. [42] In a 2011 Gallup poll, a 65% favorability rating, the highest rating to date. Levin, K.Y. Leadership Approval Ratings Top China's in Asia, "Military Prostitution and the U.S. Military in Asia", "USFK 'juicy bar' ban has owners up in arms", "After soldier held for rape, U.S. vows assistance", "U.S. soldier free after brutal 1992 murder", "South Korean activists call for investigation into Yongsan oil spills", S. Korea becomes world's third largest U.S. beef importer, "U.S. beef exports to Korea reach new heights; poised for further growth in 2017", U.S. "The Historiography of Korea in the United States". This pattern of thinking followed by feeling has been demonstrated in previous research (Back & Parks, 2003). , Oh, K.J. North and South Koreans enjoy many of the same types of food, as recipes were passed on from generation to generation long before the divide. According to a 2018 Pew survey, 77% of South Koreans had a favorable view of the United States, while 21% had a negative view. According to Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions analysis, South Korea scored higher in. [31], In May 2022, President Joe Biden and President Yoon Suk Yeol agreed in talks to begin discussions on restarting and potentially expanding joint military training on and around the Korean Peninsula. NOTE: indicates the items dropped due to the factor loadings below 0.40. (2019) indicated that everyday discrimination refers to acts of interpersonal discrimination that can happen repeatedly over the life course, in a variety of contexts, and include even such things as being treated with disrespect and being given poor service (p. 231). US=5.20, F=16.70, p<.001). What started as an almost "accidental division"gave rise to one of the most hostile andheavily militarized bordersin the world, and split one people in two. North Koreans refrain from experimenting because the government strictly bans skinny jeans, mini skirts and even particular hairstyles, while their southern neighbors are free to don whatever outfit takes their fancy. In 2017 and 2018, South Korea overtook the United States as Vietnam's second-largest trading partner, though it fell to third in 2019. SARSCoV2 variant classifications and definitions. [16], About 37,000 Americans lost their lives. Heimberg, R.G. In the South, Protestantism and Catholicism have won many new followers in past decades, their ranks swelled by Christians from North Korea who have fled persecution. Following a war of words between Trump and Kim, things changed dramatically this year, with the North Korean leader sending his sister Kim Yo Jong and athletes to the Winter Olympics in the South and agreeing to hold talks with the South Korean president, Moon Jae-in. Risk perceptions of COVID19 around the world, Enforcement policy for face masks and respirators during the Coronavirus disease (COVID19). Calantone, R. Achmad, G.N. Some feelings are more important: Cognitive attitudes, affective attitudes, anticipated affect, and blood donation. It was the first significant armed conflict of the Cold War with extensive deployment of U.S. and other troops. An official website of the United States government. Title Page: Hofstede's cultural dimensions of South Korea vs. AVE, average variance extracted. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [25] His approach to North Korea is similar to Kim Dae-jung's Sunshine Policy, which only continued up to the Roh Mu-hyun's administration. Although not mentioned in the TRA, personal norms also have an influence on behavior (Park & Ha, 2014). The results showed a significant effect of cognitive attitudes toward wearing masks on the affective attitudes toward wearing masks for both the United States (=0.772, p<.001) and the Korean participants (=0.457, p<.001). (2008). This study advances the understanding of maskwearing behaviors of United States and Korean consumers by applying the TRA and adding other significant variables (e.g., past maskwearing behavior, social appearance anxiety, and everyday discrimination) into the model. Cultural and situational contingencies and the theory of reasoned action: Application to fast food restaurant consumption. Heinrichs, N. Household income of the participants was evenly distributed having 1020% of them in each category (see Table1). , , & Hofmann, Anu Asnaani, and Hinton (2010) reviewed literature regarding cultural aspects related to social anxiety and indicated that there are cultural differences in the prevalence rates, expressions, and treatments of social anxiety. Because South Korea is a young democracy compared with the United States, "the political party system is not as institutionalized," said Jeeyang Rhee Baum, a lecturer at the Harvard Kennedy . Subjective norms and personal norms influence participants cognitive attitude toward wearing masks (H4), and in turn, their cognitive attitude influences their affective attitude toward wearing masks (H5). Regarding the relationships among norms, attitudes, and behavioral intention toward wearing a mask, the findings revealed some similarities and differences between the United States and South Korea. [57] The assailant, Kim Ki-jong, is a member of Uri Madang, a progressive cultural organization opposed to the Korean War. Personal norms are individuals beliefs about the behaviors in which their significant others think they should engage (Kim, Lee, & Yoon, 2015). 475 Words. Despite the ongoing tensions, the U.S. has not redeployed nuclear weapons, although one recent press report suggests a majority of South Koreans are in favor of developing their own nuclear weapons. In 2018 the drills began on May 11 and continued until May 17. However, for the United States, only the experiences of wearing masks before and during the pandemic increased their subjective and personal norms. Shen, C. Bush, whose religious fundamentalism led him to divide the world into good and evil, had a personalized hatred for North Korean leader Kim Jong-il, but he also had frosty relations with South Korean leaders. Feng, S. [He] kept his cool throughout the incident. The ValueBeliefNorm (VBN) theory, as set forth by Stern, Dietz, Abel, Guagnano, and Kalof (1999), explains that personal norms affect behavior when individuals feel a moral obligation to engage in that behavior. Nielsen, K. Social appearance anxiety (SAA) refers to feeling negatively evaluated by others because of ones overall appearance, including body image (Hart etal., 2008, p. 48). Measuring perceived mistreatment across diverse social groups: An evaluation of the Everyday Discrimination Scale, Forgetting to remember, remembering to forget: Late modern heritage practices, sustainability and the crisis of accumulation of the past, International Journal of Heritage Studies. For H4a and b, two independent variables including subjective norms and personal norms were entered in the regression model with the dependent variable of cognitive attitudes. , , , & , & Guagnano, G.A. US=5.48) (F=20.48, p<.001). Campbell, M.E. Harel, D. Household income was also fairly evenly distributed for Korean participants, having 1020% of them in each category (see Table1). (2015). Thus, the following hypotheses were developed: H4a: Subjective norms toward wearing masks will be positively related to cognitive attitudes toward wearing masks, H4b: Personal norms toward wearing masks will be positively related to cognitive attitudes toward wearing masks. And it's a key ally for Western powers particularly the United States, which still stations around 30,000 American soldiers on South Korean soil and holds regular military drills with the South's troops. Look forward to our summit. Hovland, C.I. , South Korea announced the deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile defense system at the end of 2017. As for North Korea's hit recordswell, you just need to take a look at the charts. , Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. This does not imply that Americans do not care about what happens to their fellow citizens but rather that people should be allowed the freedom to determine the best course of action to protect themselves (Kemmelmeier, Jambor, & Letner, 2006). This study compared the maskwearing behavior of United States and South Korea consumers. Grewal, D. Both subjective and personal norms were significant predictors of the US participants cognitive attitude toward wearing masks, but personal norms did not influence the Koreans cognitive attitude toward wearing masks. (Yoo & Lee, visiting friends or family members in the hospital. 91 Vietnam is also South Korea's third-largest export market (totaling $48.5 billion in South Korean exports in 2020). The translated questionnaire was then backtranslated into English from Korean by another two bilingual researchers. Moreover, the "U.S. alliance with South Korea would consequently have three functions. positively related in United States and South Korea, not sig. Takeuchi, D.T. Politeness: Some universals in language usages. Due to their poor diet, North Koreans tend to be smaller than South Koreans. This page was last edited on 8 June 2023, at 23:15. , The present is often shaped by an accumulation of the past (Harrison, 2013), and past behavior has been shown to have a significant impact on future behavior (Yoo & Lee, 2012). Couples in South Korea may splurge on a beautiful dress for the bride, a glitzy ceremony and a spectacular honeymoon, while those tying the knot in North Korea tend to take a simpler approach all round, usually celebrating in a restaurant or at home. Eicher, J.B. Based on this reasoning, the last two hypotheses were proposed as follows: H5: For both Korean and US consumers, cognitive attitudes toward wearing masks will be positively related to affective attitudes toward wearing masks, H6: For both Korea and US consumers, affective attitudes toward wearing masks will be positively related o future maskwearing behavioral intentions toward wearing masks. , & The TRA has been applied effectively across cultures, and its ability to predict consumer behavior has been supported in both the United States and South Korea (Lee & Green, 1991; Park, 2000). It's widely thought the main goal of contemporary China is to maximize the country's CNP, though by their own projections it's unlikely they will surpass nations like the USA, Russia, and the UK . Park, H.S. [15] In response, 16 member countries of the United Nations, including the United States, came to the defense of South Korea. ", Hong, Hyun Woong. But despite these 2 similarities and 1 difference, these two cultures very similar, and very unique at the same time, for example. South Korea. Positive face is achieved in a collectivist society, like Korea (Markus & Kitayama, 1991), by maintaining harmony (Frey, Onyewuenyi, Hymel, Gill, & Pearson, 2021). Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists prosustainable behaviors: An application of the valuebeliefnorm model, Crosscultural examination of the Fishbein behavioral intentions model, Journal of International Business Studies. , ", U.S. [36], According to Pew Research Center, 84% of South Koreans have a favorable view towards the United States and Americans (ranked within top 4 among the countries in the world). alliance into one befitting the spirit of the new age.[17]. [81], The South Korean government maintains Korean cultural education centers in: Wheeling, Illinois (near Chicago), Houston, New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Washington, DC.[82]. Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder, Cultures consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, The strengths and limitations of the statistical modeling of complex social phenomenon: Focusing on SEM, path analysis, or multiple regression models, International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, Crosscultural comparisons of appearance selfschema, body image, selfesteem, and dieting behavior between Korean and US women, Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal. Willis, G. [75], South Korea has experienced significant economic growth in the years since the Korean War, sometimes referred to as the Miracle on the Han River. Collectivism predicts mask use during COVID19, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, The relentless price of high individualism in the pandemic, Higher Education Research and Development, Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. , While subjective norms have been shown to positively influence behavior directly, the relationship between the two variables is often weak (Armitage & Conner, 2001). FOIA In contrast, the collectivist culture of South Korea stresses strong connections between people and group cohesion (Jung & Lee, 2006). Of Hofstedes (2001) dimensions, individualism versus collectivism seems to be the dimension that affects the influence of norms and attitudes on behavioral intention when applying the TRA to compare Korean and the US consumers behavior (Yun & Park, 2010). While the theory of reasoned action (TRA) proposes that a persons attitudes are the proximal cause of behavior, background characteristics, such as values, socialpsychological traits, and previous experience are expected to affect behavior through norms and attitudes (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005). Furthermore, the convergent validity was accessed by the average variance extracted (AVE) and the results of AVE >0.50 were adequate to prove the validity of our measurements as well as the sources for all items used for this study (see Table2). , 2=.472, F=65.582, p<.001). , , Even though vaccination rates are increasing for COVID19 around the world, more variants are appearing and threatening our health and safety (CDC, 2021). , United States. On the other hand, if their peer group is not wearing masks, then they, too, will resist wearing masks. (2006). But the distrust engendered by a few years of opposing ideologies had grown too deep. Military alliances as a stabilising force: U.S. relations with South Korea and Taiwan, 1950s1960s. , & Concerning theoretical contributions, academics interested in individuals maskwearing behavior in the COVID19 pandemic may gain a deeper understanding of the topic with relation to the TRA (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005). However, Koreans personal norms of wearing masks were formed by SAA and past maskwearing behavior (during the pandemic), as well as being negatively influenced by everyday discrimination. , First, for US participants, the overall model of this regression was significant (R People in individualistic cultures, such as the United States, may prioritize their personal choices and physical and psychological comfort. Schneider, C.R. The correlation of selfconstrual, selfefficacy, and emotional regulation strategy as cultural factors with social anxiety: Preliminary study. "Ethos and Contingencies: A Comparative Analysis of the Clinton and Bush Administrations' North Korea Policy. 63.9% vs 33.3% 6% more education expenditures? Employing Geert Hofstede's cultural typology, this study examines the relationship between . Unlike US participants, past maskwearing behavior did not predict subjective norms. For all the historical rancor between the two over the past decades, Japan and South Korea have enjoyed massive economic growth. , ", Alida R. Haworth, Scott D. Sagan, and Benjamin A. Valentino. In Hovland C.I. [45] In the post-Korean War period, the U.S military continued to contribute significantly to the South Korean economy, providing an estimated 1 percent of the South Korean GNP in 1991, including the sex industry. However, the findings provide a meaningful understanding of the phenomenon and serve as a starting point for future studies. Cultural values may help to explain the different maskwearing behavior among Americans and Koreans. Koreans exhibited low concern from wearing masks related to everyday discrimination, most likely because their population is more homogenous than the United States. Therefore, different approaches to promote maskwearing will be needed for Americans and Koreans. Maresova, P. The post had been vacant since President Donald Trump took office in January 2017. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a face mask covers the users nose and mouth and may or may not meet fluid barrier or filtration efficiency levels (2020, p. 9). Literature indicates that an individuals SAA could vary across his/her cultural background. Finally, Korean participants had significantly greater behavioral intention to wear masks in the future (M In April 2020, the National Assembly speaker Moon Heesang declared that asking the ROK to choose between China and America was like asking a child whether you like your dad or your mom. He said that South Korea cannot leave aside his economic interests for the sake of security, and vice versa. Crossloaded items, having a factor loading smaller than 0.20, were removed from further analyses. Sung, E. The findings can be used to guide efforts to encourage maskwearing behavior during the pandemic and beyond. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Breakthrough cases of the delta variant of the COVID19 virus are occurring among vaccinated people, and health officials are recommending the continued use of face masks in public (SimmonsDuffin & Stein, 2021). , Preventing the spread of H1N1 influenza infection during a pandemic: Autonomysupportive advice versus controlling instruction, Americas mask resistance is just the latest example of a perennial struggle. This indirect relationship was found to exist in research on recycling behavior (Park & Ha, 2014). Years of isolation have seriously damaged North Korea's economy, and the country's populace has long suffered from poverty and famine. Kim, E.S. The South Korean participants exhibited a fairly equal distribution of gender (male: 46.7%, n=70, female: 53.3%, n=80), and their average age was 40.1. , & North Korea and the United States vary in many different ways, such as: the economy, government, the lifestyle, the rules, and the rulers. This is in line with the finding of Shim (2007) that South Koreans tend to conform to the appearance of others. , & The findings of this study will support academic researchers to apply this theoretical framework to other types of consumer behaviors, such as hand hygiene behavior. Retrieved from, Manyin, M. (2004). This war time control is planned to revert to South Korea in 2022. kkim@iona.edu PMID: 23045859 DOI: 10.2466/17.09.21.PR0.111.4.173-185 Abstract Koreans and Americans were compared in terms of political ideology and moral attitudes. For the quota sampling, we requested a sample size of 300 respondents consisting of 150 US consumers and 150 Korean consumers. (2021). Regarding the relationships among norms, attitudes, and behavioral intention toward wearing a mask, the findings revealed some similarities and differences between the United States and South Korea. Nevertheless, by 2010 South Korea had become the world's third largest U.S. beef importer. Her opponents accused her of "bow[ing] too readily to America's requests. As Kim Jong Un and Moon Jae-in held their landmark meeting, the world's attention turns to the Korean Peninsula a region with deep historical and cultural similarities but stark ideological differences. North Korea does have its own intranet, called Kwangmyong. , & ", "South Korea's Yoon says alliance with U.S. 'nuclear-based', "South Korea's Image at New High in U.S.", "Young Professionals and Students from the U.S. and Korea Engage in Cross-Cultural Exchange | Meridian International Center", "The Oscars 2022 News, Blogs & Articles | 94th Academy Awards", "OEC South Korea (KOR) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners", "South Korea cleared to buy $800M worth of Seahawk helicopters", "U.S. Relations With the Republic of Korea", United States Army Center of Military History, Speeches of U.S. Korea=6.01) and personal norms (M Consumers perceived norms are affected by the level of familiarity they have with a product (Arvola, Lhteenmki, & Tuorila, 1999). People who already perceive a higher level of discrimination might be more reluctant to wear a mask because doing so will obscure their identity and may draw unwanted attention (Mind Organization, 2020). Yuh, Leighanne. (1960). Numbers are rounded up to two decimal places. Early conceptualizations of the TRA predicted a sequence of effects in which beliefs about a behavior were expected to lead to attitudes toward a behavior, followed by intention to perform the behavior, and finally actual behavior (Fishbein, 1979). (9,290)=8.33, p<.001). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Kim, W. Now they want to discuss peace. Face is the public selfimage that every member of a society wants to claim for himself/herself (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p. 61). Tuorila, H. Despite a similar geographical size, South Korea's population (over 51 million) is almost twice as large as North Korea's (more than 25 million). several security factors shaping the alliance: South Korea is currently one of the most pro-American countries in the world. It's not connected to the rest of the world and was primarily built to browse fan pages of the leading Kim dynasty, North Korea's ruling family. Begin Talks on Sharing Defense Costs l KBS WORLD Radio", Breaking: Trump and Kim sign agreement pledging to work toward "a lasting and stable peace", "New US ambassador to S.Korea arrives in Seoul - News - NHK WORLD - English", "South Korea says it will pay a bit more to host American troops", "South Korea, US Prepare to Conduct Joint Military Exercise", "US and South Korea signal willingness to expand military drills in response to nuclear north", "Biden, Yoon warn N. Korea on nukes, unveil deterrence plan", "US nuclear subs to dock in South Korea to deter Pyongyang: Biden", "U.S. and South Korea unveil joint nuclear deterrence plan", "Chronology of U.S.-North Korean Nuclear and Missile Diplomacy", South Koreans remain strongly pro-American, " " 80.7% (80.7% Korean think US gave most positive influence to Korea), "South Korea's leader Communism's best ally? The challenges posed by North Korea's nuclear and missile program and the potential of weapons proliferation to other states, The impact of peace and reunification developments on the Korean peninsula on the strategic relationship between the United States and China. Kim and Chung (2016) surveyed 428 female college students living in South Korea and indicated that SAA has a significant positive impact on appearance management behavior and cosmetic surgery intention. Result of testing the hypotheses: (A) United States vs. (B) South Korea. Hofmann, S.G. The United Nations reports that over a third of the population is malnourished and many people lack access to proper healthcare. World Trade Organization declares US tariff hike illegal, rules in South Korea's favour. U.S.-Korea relations continued until 1905, when Japan assumed direction over Korean foreign affairs. Motivators of prestige brand purchase: Testing cultural (in) stability of measures over time across the United States, Poland, and South Korea, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Suryaningrum, C. Items with factor loadings of a minimum 0.40 were kept and deemed reliable (Nunnally, 1978). Van Huylenbroeck, G. Anu Asnaani, M.A. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. , US participants had significantly higher levels of SAA and everyday discrimination compared with participants from South Korea. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Bagozzi, R.P. Onyewuenyi, A.C. The coronavirus: A vast scared majority around the world. In Albarracn D., Johnson B.T. Personal norms are particularly influential when behaviors are designed to help others (Landon, Woosnam, & Boley, 2018). To this end, the present study seeks to identify the factors that directly and indirectly influence face maskwearing in the United States and South Korea. These cultural differences led to the first hypothesis: H1: There are statistically significant differences among all variables related to face maskwearing behavior between US and Korean consumers. However, it did become a "call to action" for some Koreans, and led to the establishment of the "National Campaign for the Eradication of Crimes by U.S. Differences between the groups were noted in the impact of norms and background characteristics on attitudes and behavioral intention. The .gov means its official. van der Linden, S. [12], Leaders of South Korea and the United States from 1950, Following the United States expedition to Korea in 1871, the United States and Joseon established diplomatic relations under the 1882 Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce, and Navigation. [40] In a March 2011 Gallup Poll, 74% of South Koreans said that they believe that the U.S. influence in the world is favorable,[41] and in a November 2011 Gallup Poll, 57% of South Koreans approved of U.S. leadership, with 22% disapproving. , Moon later also brokered a meeting between Kim and Trump set for May or early June. As more cities and states enacted maskwearing mandates, the number of US consumers gaining experience with maskwearing during the pandemic increased. The progressive People's Party also opposes the deployment. , NOTE: Numbers are rounded up to two decimal places (only pvalues are rounded up to three decimal places). , Has public health care? Pearson, C.R. [30], In his 2021 New Years press conference on January 18, President Moon Jae-in stated that the two Koreas might be able to discuss the U.S.-South Korea military drills through a joint inter-Korean military committee. US=4.74) (F=43.51, p<.001), and affective attitudes toward wearing masks (M The United States and North Korea seem to have been discussing a comprehensive agreement that would essentially roll back all its programs from the medium range Nodong . , & Communication and the hierarchy of effects. Hymel, S. With its strong import growth, South Korea surpassed Japan for the first time to become the largest market for U.S. beef in Asia and in 2016 US beef imports in Korea reached a value of $1 billion. Reeve, B.B. , Sheeran, P. (2021). , Stern, P.C. Cognitive attitude toward wearing masks significantly increased affective attitude toward wearing masks, and eventually, future behavioral intention to wear masks, for both United States and Korean participants as explained in the TRA (Ajzen & Fishbein, 2005). [21] Currently, South Korean forces would fall under United States control should the war resume. Freeman, A.L. government site. [20] In addition, roughly 29,000 United States Forces Korea troops are stationed in South Korea. Lu, J. Alden, L.A. First, the sample of the study does not represent the general population in the United States and South Korea. Recommendation regarding the use of cloth face coverings, especially in areas of significant communitybased transmission, Relationships among attitudes and subjective norms: Testing the theory of reasoned action across cultures, Understanding consumer recycling behavior: Combining the theory of planned behavior and the norm activation model. There are many factors, but one of the biggest ones is religion. Subjective norms also play an important role in the TRA (Lee, Damhorst, & Paff Ogle, 2009). . This study identified and compared factors that directly and indirectly influenced face maskwearing in the United States and South Korea during the COVID19 pandemic by applying the theory of reasoned action. Gill, R. South Korea finds itself embroiled in an all-out gender war - and it keeps getting worse. , & Zanna M.P. , It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency. Jin, P. Thus, they may be more willing to tolerate any personal inconvenience to wear masks in public. People in the United States are responsible for their own behavior and the consequences following from that behavior. Based on the results of the present study, this experience positively influences future maskwearing behavior. Yang, S.X. (2021). Age range: 3 to 6 years; majority 4 or 5 years old: HTKS; CBRS. The first time most Americans wore face masks in public was during the spring of 2020. During the subsequent decades, South Korea experienced tremendous economic, political and military growth. Texas population, weather, housing, and South Korean population, weather, housing is similar as they both have a large population, has all 4 seasons, and housing for its population. , Huddleston, P. The result showed a significant effect of affective attitudes toward wearing masks on future behavioral intention to wear masks for both the United States (=0.749, p<.001) and Koreans (=0.371, p<.001) participants. In the North, only members of public and educational services are allowed to surf the World Wide Web and then only under strict controls. The influence of attitudes on behavior. Based on this review of literature, we developed: H2a: Past maskwearing behavior before the pandemic will be positively related to subjective norms toward wearing masks, H2b: Past maskwearing behavior during the pandemic will be positively related to subjective norms toward wearing masks, H3a: Past maskwearing behavior before the pandemic will be positively related to personal norms toward wearing masks, H3b: Past maskwearing behavior during the pandemic will be positively related to personal norms toward wearing masks. ", To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video, North Korea: Donald Trump and Kim Jong-Un's nuclear saga, NATO: Air Defender 23 to be biggest exercise ever, 'Germany is standing up and taking responsibility', NATO set to launch military exercises over Germany, EU, Tunisia looking for a 'holistic approach' to migration. In South Korea, that number is 83 years (80 years for men, 86 years for women) as of 2022. be 87.0% less likely to be obese Korea=5.88) than US participants (M Harris, a former head of the US military's Pacific Command, has expressed his resolve to work as an ambassador to strengthen the alliance between the United States and South Korea. , (2015). 2=.345, F=19.060, p<.001). Fresco, D.M. Landon, A.C. Italso receives the lowest ratings when it comes to press freedom and government accountability. For the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Additionally, the results show that the factors influencing ones decision to wear face masks are different between United States and South Korea. , [51] Markle was sentenced by a South Korean court to life imprisonment, later reduced to 15 years. Following the end of World War II, the United States established a bilateral alliance with South Korea instead of establishing a multilateral alliance with South Korea and other East Asian countries. [76], As of 2019, China is the ROK's largest trading partner, leading Japan (2nd) and the United States (3rd). American ambassador to South Korea Thomas C. Hubbard apologized on behalf of Bush. Parents are also served food by their children and addressed bypolite titles, regardless of where they live in Korea. However, new movements like Cheondoism are gaining in popularity. Respect for Elders In Korean culture, respect for elders is of utmost importance. Monroe, K.B. South Korea and the United States agreed to a military alliance in 1953. In 2008, the protests against U.S. beef recalled the student "pro-democracy" movements of the 1980s. Flora, D.B. The Strategic Importance of US-Korea Economic Relations. The results of the ANOVA tests revealed that there were significant differences between the United States and South Korea in terms of all dependent variables except past behavior (before the pandemic). As for the modern-day "religion"of the internet, its influence is unbounded and users' access unhindered in South Korea. Frey, K.S. [22], At the request of the United States, President Park Chung-hee sent troops to Vietnam to assist American troops during the Vietnam War, maintaining the second largest contingent of foreign troops after the United States. The opposition has been on the grounds that the North Korean threat has gone, and on environmental grounds. Korea=5.91 vs. M In spring 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the US recommended that individuals wear cloth face masks in public to prevent spreading coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) via respiratory droplets (NCIRD, 2020). [54], The Government of South Korea banned imports of U.S. beef in 2003 in response to a case of mad cow disease in Washington state. (1973). n = 310; Taiwan. 2=.211, F=9.690, p<.001). In order to address these limitations and deepen the understanding of face maskwearing behavior, it would be desirable for future research to include larger scale surveys with participants from diverse cultural backgrounds. The results show that norms, attitudes, and future behavioral intentions toward wearing masks are overall lower for the United States than South Korea. For example, individuals in collectivistic cultures, such as Korea, care about the collective wellbeing and preventing COVID19. National Library of Medicine While wearing a face mask similar to others could be appealing to Koreas because it demonstrates group cohesion, the same behavior could be unpleasant to Americans because it signals a lack of free will and selfdetermination. Cloth face masks represent a form of dress known as a body supplement because they are added to the body by the wearer (RoachHiggins & Eicher, 1992). Peoples attitudes go on to affect their behavior. , [41], According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 58% of South Koreans view U.S. influence positively, the highest rating for any surveyed Asian country. The difference in life expectancy is similarly notable: while South Koreans on average live to the ripe old age of 82, North Koreans die ten years younger at 70. An online survey was used for this study. The United States and Soviet Union agreed to divide Korea at the 38th parallel in August 1945, with the US taking the southern part and the Soviet Union the north. Bastos, J.L. In the present study, individuals likely engage first in thinking about maskwearing, then experience an emotional response to it, and finally engage in behavior that is consistent with their thoughts and emotions about wearing masks. Arvola, A. For example, the cofounder of the Reopen movement in North Carolina started a Burn Your Mask Challenge on Facebook and argued that mandated maskwearing violated her personal freedom (Collinson & Hu, 2020). [59] ABC News summarized the immediate aftermath of the attack as follows: "Ambassador Lippert, an Iraq war veteran, defended himself from the attack. , & South Korea pollution: Is China the cause of 'fine dust'? , & ), Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A metaanalytic review. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, US=4.02) than Korean participants (M While the finding concerning SAA contradicts previous research suggesting that SAA is higher for people in collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures (Suryaningrum, 2018), the fact that maskwearing behavior is a new behavior for Americans may have caused stress that resulted in additional SAA. (1999). Cultural life North Korea: Arirang Festival The compound religious strains of shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism have deep roots in Korean culture. "[70][71][72][73] On 30 October 2017, South Korea and China agreed to normalize relations, which had rifted due to THAAD deployment. [7] According to a 2018 Gallup poll, 77% of Americans had a favorable view of South Koreans, while 22% had a negative view. Dia De Los Murtos Informative Speech Gong, F. , & , This respect is shown in the way they speak to elders, how they address them, and how they behave around them. However, the predicting effect of each independent variable was somewhat different between United States and South Korea. While culture is not a concept in the original TRA model, researchers (Bagozzi, Wong, Abe, & Bergami, 2000) have found differences in the strengths of the relationships between the concepts in the model when investigating behavior in countries with different types of cultures. Fishbein, M. [69], The decision to deploy THAAD in South Korea has been opposed and criticized by China and Russia who have accused the US of "destabilizing [the] region. SAA (=0.201, p<.05) and past maskwearing behavior during the pandemic (=0.241, p<.01) positively influenced subjective norms of Korean participants, while everyday discrimination (=0.403, p<.001) had a significant negative influence on subjective norms. , & South Korea has a more homogenous population that exhibits much lower distinguishability among individuals based on ethnicity (New World Encyclopedia, n.d.). This capability had not been seen since 1991. Initial talks in 19456 to achieve a unified, independent Korea were not successful, and in 1948 two separate nations were established: the Republic of Korea (ROK) in the South, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) in the North. The United States and South Korea are allies under the 1953 Mutual Defense Treaty. (2010). Social Appearance Anxiety (SAA) (Harel etal., I feel nervous when having my picture taken, I get tense when it is obvious people are looking at me, I am concerned people wont like me because of the way I look, I worry that others talk about flaws in my appearance when I am not around, I am concerned that people will find me unappealing because of my appearance, I worry that my appearance will make life more difficult for me, I am concerned that I have missed out on opportunities because of my appearance, I get nervous when talking to people because of the way I look, I feel anxious when other people say something about my appearance. , For the norms, attitudes, and future behavioral intention toward wearing masks, Korean participants exhibited significantly higher levels than US participants. In terms of a filter question, participants nationality was asked at the beginning of the questionnaire. There are about 400 independent studios producing content for the entertainment market, helping South Korea to export its special brand of pop music ("K-pop"), television dramas and video games to countries across Asia. A student from South Korea says she was "shocked" at how differently food is treated in the United States compared with her homeland. [52] In a report released in 2017 detailing spill incidents from 1995 to 2015 at the US garrison in Yongsan, South Korean environmentalist groups expressed concern about the lack of transparency and the possibility of continued water contamination, as well as who would take responsibility for cleanup of the site. As an initial step, our study provides a theoretical foundation to understand how American individuals background characteristics influence their attitude and behavior regarding the use of a face mask. South Korea is said to have turned into the "Hollywood of the East,"by "churning out entertainment that is coveted by millions of fans stretching from Japan to Indonesia." Republic of Korea Embassy in Washington, D.C. 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I am uncomfortable when I think others are noticing flaws in my appearance. Bush. On a recent trip to California, grade-five student Ji-Yoon Moon said she was surprised at how freely junk food is advertised and made available in the United States. However, only past maskwearing behavior before the pandemic (=0.235, p<.01) and past mask behavior during the pandemic (=0.434, p<.001) positively affected subjective norms of US participants significantly. Verbeke, W. A Cronbachs alpha level of =0.60 was used to determine reliability (Ridwan, Militina, & Achmad, 2020). In our study, we propose that social pressure plays a role in shaping consumers attitudes toward wearing masks. A relationship on the back burner. A valuebeliefnorm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Differences regarding relation between. The overall model of this regression was significant (R Nuclear tests, international pressure and thawing tensions. [47][48], In 1992, Yun Geum-i, a 26-year-old woman, was brutally killed by a U.S. serviceman, Private Kenneth L. Markle, in Dongducheon. For face masks, some individuals possess positive attitudes and others possess negative attitudes toward wearing face masks. Past maskwearing behavior (before and during the pandemic) had three reliable items, SAA had 14 reliable items, everyday discrimination had nine reliable items, subjective norms had five reliable items, personal norms had five reliable items, cognitive attitudes had three reliable items, affective attitudes had two reliable items, and future behavior intention had three reliable items. The answer is both reassuring and disturbing. [57] Kim has a record of militant Korean nationalist activism; he attacked the Japanese ambassador to South Korea in 2010 and was sentenced to a three-year suspended prison term. NOTE: Numbers are rounded up to three decimal places. Thus, H5 was supported. , Joe Biden said the deal allowed nuclear submarines to dock in South Korea. Lhteenmki, L. Harnois etal. Koreans believe elders have more life experience and wisdom and should be treated with the utmost respect. Face maskwearing behavior, however, is a completely new and unfamiliar behavior for the majority of Americans. Wong, N. During the pandemic, individualistic Americans may not have wanted to conform to wear masks to the same degree that collectivistic Koreans have been willing to do. Similarities and Differences Between Korean and American Discourse Patterns Robert F. Norton Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/dlls BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Americans should be encouraged to try wearing masks on their own while Koreans should hear about the social benefits of maskwearing. Dryhurst, S. Comparing Americans and Koreans behavior using the TRA could provide valuable insight concerning the reasons why people do or do not wear face masks. troops. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Overall, our findings suggest the importance of understanding cultural characteristics in relation to the face maskwearing behavior of United States and Korean consumers. Lee, H.H. Bergami, M. Religion has a huge impact on how people live their lives and what they believe in. Stein, R. Is Vietnam backtracking on its environmental promises? In Iran, angry pensioners protest inflation, government, Trump put highly guarded secrets at risk, indictment alleges, Colombia: 4 missing children found in the Amazon, The meeting between North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and South Korean President Moon Jae-in offers a chance for both leaders to build trust through open and honest talks, South Korean diplomat Keum Chang Rok tells DW. However, Texas has a smaller 88 Words 1 Pages RoachHiggins, M.E. People living in individualistic cultures, on the other hand, want to make their own choices about whether or not to conform to group expectations. US=4.97/5.07) (F=42.73/22.75, p<.001). Williams, D.R. and economic and cultural factors (called soft power). 1.92x more forests? (2005). But South Korea ranks as far less corrupt than its northern neighbor. "An Odd Relationship: The State Department, Its Representatives, and American Protestant Missionaries in Korea, 18821905.". Both subjective norms (=0.393, p<.001) and personal norms (=0.409, p<.001) significantly affected cognitive attitudes of US participants. ShariffMarco, S.N. Dodds, W.B. , Mat Dawi, Namazi, and Maresova (2021) found that attitudes toward COVID19 preventative behaviors positively influenced individuals intention to engage in such behaviors. While his injuries were not life-threatening, doctors stated that it would take several months for Lippert to regain use of his fingers. As such, personal norms may exert a stronger influence in the model of Korean face maskwearing behavior compared with the model of American face maskwearing behavior. English, A. The differences and similarities in christian American and South Korean funerary customs and traditions are quite striking and (from my standpoint) worthy of higher inquiry. In focus War in Ukraine Poland Climate change Politics North and South Korea: how different are they? Both of these cultures have major flaws and setbacks in their society that makes them both very dangerous. [79], There remains some major trade disputes between the ROK and the US in the areas including telecommunications, automotive industry, intellectual property rights issues, pharmaceutical industry, and the agricultural industry. Shortening patientreported outcome measures through optimal test assembly: Application to the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale in the scleroderma patientcentered intervention network cohort. , Abel, T. , For example, in Insurgent, the United . The Persuasion Handbook: Developments in Theory and Practice. , The move was a signal that Ambassador to South Korea Is Hospitalized After Knife Attack, Wounded U.S. ambassador 'lucky' to be alive, US Ambassador to South Korea Defends Himself From Attack, "US ambassador to SKorea slashed on face and wrist in attack", "US Ambassador Mark Lippert attacked in Seoul", "US ambassador to South Korea injured by attacker", "US Ambassador to SKorea Slashed on Face and Wrist in Attack", "Twelve Years for the Korean Who Attacked a U.S. Zhang, X. Thus, future studies could be conducted with a larger, random sample to allow for generalizability of the research findings. DW charts the major events in the Trump-Kim story. , A difference is that Korea's state is more calm than that of Insurgents state.Both of these cultures have major flaws and setbacks in their society that makes them both very dangerous. , The responses showed significant differences between the two groups for variables including SAA, past maskwearing behavior (during the pandemic), everyday discrimination, subjective norms, personal norms, cognitive and affective attitude, and future behavioral intention. Cultural celebrations are similarly deeply ingrained in Korean society on both sides of the border. [53], On 13 June 2002, two 14-year-old South Korean schoolgirls were crushed to death by a 50-ton United States Army vehicle in Yangju. Bleakley, A. , Rational use of face masks in the COVID19 pandemic, A theory of reasoned action: Some applications and implications. Thus, individuals past maskwearing behavior, as a background characteristic, likely affects the norms related to future face maskwearing. (2006) concluded that personal norms were significantly influenced by cultural norms in collectivistic countries. Dennett, Tyler. According to Hofstede (2001), a nations culture is composed of four value dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity versus femininity, and individualism versus collectivism. (2020). Norms in social media: The application of theory of reasoned action and personal norms in predicting interactions with Facebook page like ads. , & Retrieved from, Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, assumed direction over Korean foreign affairs, Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of Korea, after nearly 50 years had passed since Korea signed, United States military and prostitution in South Korea, U.S.South Korea Status of Forces Agreement, annual United StatesSouth Korean joint military exercises, Terminal High Altitude Area Defense Opposition, Free trade agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea, United States Army Military Government in Korea, "South Korea approves 3,000 troops for Iraq", President Obama Vows Strengthened U.S.-South Korea Ties, "U.S. Is Granting Israel Non-NATO Ally Status: Move Should Bring Strategic and Economic Gains, Shamir Says; Egypt Gets Same Rating", "Explained: What is a 'Major non-Nato Ally' status? 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